英汉语言对比第三讲

第三讲

第二节英汉动词对比

英汉语动词之间差异多，最大的区别在于英语动词有语法形态变化，表示各种语法意义；英语动词是英语句子的核心，英语造句离不开动词；另外，对于及物动词带不带宾语方面也存在差异；在使用频率上，英语动词不如汉语动词频繁。

1.英汉语动词语法意义对比

英语动词的语法意义涉及到人称（person）、数（number）、时（tense）、体（aspect）、态（voice）、语气（mood）六个语法范畴。六个范畴根据表达的需要，可以不同的组合方式出现在句子中，使得动词的形态变化更加复杂，英语一个动词有几十种不同变化形式。例，

Plays

Play

Played

Shall play

Will play

Should play

Would play

Is playing

Am playing

Are playing

Was playing

Were playing

Shall be playing

Will be playing

Have played

Has played

Had played

Will have played

Shall have played

Would have played

Should have played

Have been playing

Has been playing

Shall have been playing

Will have been playing

Shoud have been playing

Would have been playing 过去将来进行完成时

动词不同的形式有不同的意义，该用哪一种形式是强制的，不可随意。汉语动词没有形态变化，语法意义的实现由上下文、词汇（时间词、副词、助词等）、语调等体现。动词对表示语法意义手段的选择是灵活的，不具有强制性。

A：怎么啦？

B: 来了、马上来、就来、马上就来。（“来”可以和助词“了”，副

词“马上”、“就”，副词组合“马上就”一起用）

英译汉时，可遵循“增词原则”，增加表示时间关系或动态关系的词语。例

1）I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students.我教过中学。那时就有了当大学老师的梦想。

2）He had known of you. 他早就\以前就了解你了。

3）I’ll be lying in my bed when you are at home. 等你到家的时候，我已经躺在床上了。

4）They had many problem to deal with.他们那时有许多问题需要解决。汉译英时，可遵循“省略原则”，省去表示时间关系或动态关系的词语。例，

1）他睡着了，孩子依旧在他旁边玩自己的小手指。He fell asleep, and his baby was playing his own fingers.

2）我这般年纪的人，哪个没有吃过苦，受过难。Those at my age have all suffered bitterness and hardships.

3）小伙子们正玩得起劲，忽然，噼里啪啦，电线着火了。The guys were playing in high spirits when a sudden flash splashed from the wire.

也可以通过上下文来表示英语动词不同形态的意思。

Having known your coming over, my family were excited for some days. 得知你要来，我们全家着实高兴了好几天。

2.英汉语动词造句作用对比

英语造句，动词是造句的核心，一个分句一般至少包含一个主谓结构，

谓语必须由动词词组担任，不可缺少（部分感叹句除外）。

英语中五种基本句型

SV birds can fly.

SVC The weacher varies from day to day.(SV Adverbial) the sky looks gray.(SVPredicative)

SVO Not all boys enjoy playing football.

SVO1O2 she made me a cup of tea. Could you offer her a job in your studium.

SVOC no one saw him go out. She painted the ceiling yellow.

汉语造句以意合（参见连淑能：形合与意合P73-88）为主，动词并非必需。除了动词谓语句外，形容词谓语句、名词谓语句和主谓谓语句比比皆是。例，

1）他勇敢得很。（形容词谓语句）

2）老丈东北人。（名词谓语句）

3）这条河水急浪大。（主谓谓语句）

学习应用

英译汉时，根据表达的需要，可以把英语的谓语动词词组翻译成汉英的各种形式的谓语句。

1）The river runs very fas t.这条河水流湍急。

2）that boy is strong.那个小伙子很强壮

3）the hills are green. 小山绿了。

4）these in white come from the south, and those in red from the north.