Cognitive Psychology Perception 认知心理学
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第二章 知觉 Perception
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
第二章
知觉和模式识别
Objective: through the study of this chapter, you can understand what is Perception, be able to master the perception theory and perceptual processing; know the structure of pattern recognition, its theory and edge effect. Key Learning & Difficulties: Pattern recognition & related theory is the focus of teaching in this chapter; difficulty of this chapter is the theory of pattern recognition template, characteristics and prototype.
2016/5/26 认知心理学教案第二章
I: The Essence Of Perception
The traditional view: The human brain directly effects on the reflection of the overall sensory objects. Because: (1) it seems to be automated, unconscious process; (2) seems to be innate, determined by heredity. This view has failed to reveal psychological process Considering that the nature of perception only has a direct view has serious shortcomings, it belittles or even cancels the organizational issues of perception, seems that every perception is directed by the stimulus, and has nothing to do with the role of human knowledge and experience.
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
第一节 认知心理学的知觉观 Section I: Perceptual View of Cognitive Psychology
一、知觉的实质 二、知识经验在知觉中 的作用 三、知觉加工过程 I: The essence of perception II: The role of knowledge & experience in perception III: Perceptual process
Perception & Pattern Recognition
目的要求：通过本章的学 习，能了解什么是知觉， 掌握知觉的理论和知觉的 加工类型；了解模式识别 及其理论和结构优势效应。 教学的重点、难点：模式 识别及其相关的理论是本 章教学的重点；本章的难 点是模式识别理论中的模 板说、特征说和原型说。
2016/5/26 认知心理学教案第二章
后来他们将这个实验加以扩充，让不同的被试分别 听一个不同的句子 Later they extended this experiment so that different subjects listen to different sentences：
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
Cognitive point of view: The process of the meaning of sensory information is obtained through the process of the organization and understanding of sensory information. It is a series of continuous phase of information processing, that is a strong and rich choice of the structure of the process. The process is affected by subjective factors, such as knowledge, need, attitude and value, as well as by the objective factors (such as background and context etc.). Has both the nature of the direct perception, as well as some indirect features (primarily the role of knowledge and experience of the individual).
二、知识经验在知觉中的作用
II: The role of knowledge & experience in Perception
（一）实验证据： (a) Experimental evidence: An example of knowledge constancy: Ecological Research. Perception of Buffalo from distance is different in different minority tribes, based and influenced by their knowledge & experience.
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
本章内容 Chapter Contents
第一节 的知觉观 第二节 第三节 应 认知心理学 模式识别 结构优势效
Section I: Perception in Cognitive Psychology Section II: Pattern Recognition Section III: Structural Advantage Effect
（二）理论观点 II: Theoretical Point of View
1.假设检验说
1. The Hypothesis Testing Bruner和Gregory认为， Bruner and Gregory believed that 知觉是一种包含假设检 perception is a kind of construction 验的构造过程。知觉是 process and consists of the hypothesis 在假设、期望等的引导 testing. Perception is under the guidance 和规划下进行的。 and planning of hypothesis and expectations, etc. 刺激变量可能是模糊的， 与知觉经验并没有一一 Stimulus variable may be vague, and 对应关系，同一刺激可 perceptual experience is not one-on-one 能引起不同的知觉（相 correspondence relation, the same 关图），不同的刺激也 stimulus may cause different perception 可能引起相同的知觉 (chart), different stimulus may also cause （恒常性）。 the same perceptual constancy.
It was found that the *eel was on the axle． It was found that the *eel was on the shoe． It was found that the *eel was on the orange． It was found that *eel was on the table．
结果，每个句子中的*eel 分别被听成了 wheel, heel, peel, meal As a result, participants heard each * eel sentence separately as a wheel, heel, peel, meal
2016/5/26 认知心理学教案第二章
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
一、知觉的实质
传统的观点：人脑对直接作用于感官的事 物的整体的反映。
因为：（1）似乎是自动的，其过程是意识不
到的；（2）似乎是先天的，由遗传决定的。
这一看法未能揭示心理过程 认为知觉只具有直接性质的看法有着严重的缺
点，它贬低乃至取消了知觉的组织问题，似乎 知觉的一切都是刺激所赋予的，并与人的已有 知识和经验的作用无关。
认知的观点：对感觉信息的组织和理解的过 程，获得感觉信息的意义的过程。
这是一系列连续选择阶段的信息加工过程，是一种 壮大的和富有选择的构造过程，这个过程既受主观 因素（如知识、态度、价值、需要）的影响，也受 客观因素（如背景、上下文）的影响。
知觉既具有直接性的性质，同时也具有某些 间接性（主要是在个体知识经验的作用下） 的特点。
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
老人还是年轻人
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
美女（老太）、玫瑰（情人）
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
树叶还是人体
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
二、刺激物说 (Stimulus Information)
Gibson强调知觉过程是由刺 Gibson emphasized that perceptual process is determined by the stimulus 激物本身决定的，根本不需 itself, and doesn't need the participation 要知识经验的参与。 of fundamental knowledge and experience. 自然界的刺激是完整的，可 以提供非常丰富的信息，人 The nature of the stimulus is complete and can provide very rich information, 完全可以利用这些信息，直 people can use this information to directly 接产生与作用于感官的刺激 act on sensory stimulation and 相对应的知觉经验，根本不 corresponding perceptual experience. 需要在过去经验基础上形成 There is no need to form a hypothesis based on past experience and testing it. 假设并进行检验。 在实验室条件下，刺激所具 Under laboratory conditions, many studies have ruled out the rich information 有的丰富信息被排除了许多 of stimulus, therefore this ideas has a low ，因此生态学效度低。 ecological validity.
知识恒常性的一个例 子：生态学研究。
少数民族部落对不同距 离的水牛知觉不一，受 到知识经验的影响。
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
Warren（1970）音素恢复的研究 Warren (1970) Phoneme Restoration Study
当给被试听如下的句子 When subjects heard the following sentence: The state governors met with their respective legi＊latures convening in capital city. 其中＊表示该处有一个字母（s）被一个持续120ms的纯音 取代。在全部20名被试中，只有1名被试报告说听到该纯音 ，但是不能确定其位置，其他被试都没有发现s缺失。 * is replaced with a continuous pure tone of 120ms and indicates that there must be a letter (s). Among all the 20 subjects, only one of the subjects reported hearing a pure tone, but couldn’t determine its location, while others didn’t notice the missing “s”.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
第二章
知觉和模式识别
Objective: through the study of this chapter, you can understand what is Perception, be able to master the perception theory and perceptual processing; know the structure of pattern recognition, its theory and edge effect. Key Learning & Difficulties: Pattern recognition & related theory is the focus of teaching in this chapter; difficulty of this chapter is the theory of pattern recognition template, characteristics and prototype.
2016/5/26 认知心理学教案第二章
I: The Essence Of Perception
The traditional view: The human brain directly effects on the reflection of the overall sensory objects. Because: (1) it seems to be automated, unconscious process; (2) seems to be innate, determined by heredity. This view has failed to reveal psychological process Considering that the nature of perception only has a direct view has serious shortcomings, it belittles or even cancels the organizational issues of perception, seems that every perception is directed by the stimulus, and has nothing to do with the role of human knowledge and experience.
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
第一节 认知心理学的知觉观 Section I: Perceptual View of Cognitive Psychology
一、知觉的实质 二、知识经验在知觉中 的作用 三、知觉加工过程 I: The essence of perception II: The role of knowledge & experience in perception III: Perceptual process
Perception & Pattern Recognition
目的要求：通过本章的学 习，能了解什么是知觉， 掌握知觉的理论和知觉的 加工类型；了解模式识别 及其理论和结构优势效应。 教学的重点、难点：模式 识别及其相关的理论是本 章教学的重点；本章的难 点是模式识别理论中的模 板说、特征说和原型说。
2016/5/26 认知心理学教案第二章
后来他们将这个实验加以扩充，让不同的被试分别 听一个不同的句子 Later they extended this experiment so that different subjects listen to different sentences：
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
Cognitive point of view: The process of the meaning of sensory information is obtained through the process of the organization and understanding of sensory information. It is a series of continuous phase of information processing, that is a strong and rich choice of the structure of the process. The process is affected by subjective factors, such as knowledge, need, attitude and value, as well as by the objective factors (such as background and context etc.). Has both the nature of the direct perception, as well as some indirect features (primarily the role of knowledge and experience of the individual).
二、知识经验在知觉中的作用
II: The role of knowledge & experience in Perception
（一）实验证据： (a) Experimental evidence: An example of knowledge constancy: Ecological Research. Perception of Buffalo from distance is different in different minority tribes, based and influenced by their knowledge & experience.
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
本章内容 Chapter Contents
第一节 的知觉观 第二节 第三节 应 认知心理学 模式识别 结构优势效
Section I: Perception in Cognitive Psychology Section II: Pattern Recognition Section III: Structural Advantage Effect
（二）理论观点 II: Theoretical Point of View
1.假设检验说
1. The Hypothesis Testing Bruner和Gregory认为， Bruner and Gregory believed that 知觉是一种包含假设检 perception is a kind of construction 验的构造过程。知觉是 process and consists of the hypothesis 在假设、期望等的引导 testing. Perception is under the guidance 和规划下进行的。 and planning of hypothesis and expectations, etc. 刺激变量可能是模糊的， 与知觉经验并没有一一 Stimulus variable may be vague, and 对应关系，同一刺激可 perceptual experience is not one-on-one 能引起不同的知觉（相 correspondence relation, the same 关图），不同的刺激也 stimulus may cause different perception 可能引起相同的知觉 (chart), different stimulus may also cause （恒常性）。 the same perceptual constancy.
It was found that the *eel was on the axle． It was found that the *eel was on the shoe． It was found that the *eel was on the orange． It was found that *eel was on the table．
结果，每个句子中的*eel 分别被听成了 wheel, heel, peel, meal As a result, participants heard each * eel sentence separately as a wheel, heel, peel, meal
2016/5/26 认知心理学教案第二章
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
一、知觉的实质
传统的观点：人脑对直接作用于感官的事 物的整体的反映。
因为：（1）似乎是自动的，其过程是意识不
到的；（2）似乎是先天的，由遗传决定的。
这一看法未能揭示心理过程 认为知觉只具有直接性质的看法有着严重的缺
点，它贬低乃至取消了知觉的组织问题，似乎 知觉的一切都是刺激所赋予的，并与人的已有 知识和经验的作用无关。
认知的观点：对感觉信息的组织和理解的过 程，获得感觉信息的意义的过程。
这是一系列连续选择阶段的信息加工过程，是一种 壮大的和富有选择的构造过程，这个过程既受主观 因素（如知识、态度、价值、需要）的影响，也受 客观因素（如背景、上下文）的影响。
知觉既具有直接性的性质，同时也具有某些 间接性（主要是在个体知识经验的作用下） 的特点。
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
老人还是年轻人
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
美女（老太）、玫瑰（情人）
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
树叶还是人体
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
二、刺激物说 (Stimulus Information)
Gibson强调知觉过程是由刺 Gibson emphasized that perceptual process is determined by the stimulus 激物本身决定的，根本不需 itself, and doesn't need the participation 要知识经验的参与。 of fundamental knowledge and experience. 自然界的刺激是完整的，可 以提供非常丰富的信息，人 The nature of the stimulus is complete and can provide very rich information, 完全可以利用这些信息，直 people can use this information to directly 接产生与作用于感官的刺激 act on sensory stimulation and 相对应的知觉经验，根本不 corresponding perceptual experience. 需要在过去经验基础上形成 There is no need to form a hypothesis based on past experience and testing it. 假设并进行检验。 在实验室条件下，刺激所具 Under laboratory conditions, many studies have ruled out the rich information 有的丰富信息被排除了许多 of stimulus, therefore this ideas has a low ，因此生态学效度低。 ecological validity.
知识恒常性的一个例 子：生态学研究。
少数民族部落对不同距 离的水牛知觉不一，受 到知识经验的影响。
2016/5/26
认知心理学教案第二章
Warren（1970）音素恢复的研究 Warren (1970) Phoneme Restoration Study
当给被试听如下的句子 When subjects heard the following sentence: The state governors met with their respective legi＊latures convening in capital city. 其中＊表示该处有一个字母（s）被一个持续120ms的纯音 取代。在全部20名被试中，只有1名被试报告说听到该纯音 ，但是不能确定其位置，其他被试都没有发现s缺失。 * is replaced with a continuous pure tone of 120ms and indicates that there must be a letter (s). Among all the 20 subjects, only one of the subjects reported hearing a pure tone, but couldn’t determine its location, while others didn’t notice the missing “s”.