语言学教程文件

语言学

Exercise8

I. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:

• 1. Pragmatics___ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

• 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics____ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.

• 3. The notion of context____ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

• 4. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance_____.

5. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized.

6. Constatives（表述句） were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

7. Performatives（施为句） were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

8. A locutionary（发话的） act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

9. An illocutionary（行事的）act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

•10. A commissive____ is to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.

•11. An expressive____ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.

•12. There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle: the maxim of quantity____, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of

manner.

13. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the _ Cooperative Principle proposed by Grice.

14. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _ utterance is concrete and context-dependent.

15. A __ perlocutionary（取效的）act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.

16. _ Directives（指示句）are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.

17. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same __ illocutionary point, but they differ in their strength or force.

18. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first

of all be willing to _ cooperate;; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the __ Cooperative Principle ___.

19. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be __ relevant

III. Choose the best answer.

•20. _C____ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude the Cooperative Principle.

A. John Austin

B. John Firth

C. Paul Grice

D. William James

•21. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called __B___.

A. semantics

B. pragmatics

C. sociolinguistics

D. psycholinguistics

•22. _B____ proposed that speech acts can be analyzed on three levels.

A. Austin

B. Searle

C. Sapir

D. Chomsky

•23. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the _C____.

A. declarations

B. directives

C. commissives

D. expressives

•24. The illocutionary point（言外之意） of the ___B__ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.

A. declarations

B. expressives

C. commissives

D. directives

•25. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of

____C_.

- X: Who was that you were with last night?

- Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

A. quality

B. Quantity

C. relation

D. manner

•26. The violation of one or more of the conversational _D____ (of the CP) can, when the listener folly understands the speaker, create conversational

implicature, and humor sometimes.

A. standards

B. Principles

C. levels

D. maxims

•27. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to __D___.

A. breakdown of conversation

B. confusion of one's intention

C. hostility between speakers and the listeners

D. conversational implicatures

•28. Speech Act Theory was proposed by __B___.

A. Saussure

B. Austin

C. Chomsky

D. Grimm

•29. The maxim of quantity requires: __D___.

A. contribute as informative as required

B. do not contribute more than is required

C. do not say what has little evidence

D. both A and B

•30. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called __A___.

A. commissives

B. directives

C. expressives

D. declaratives

•31. __A___ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.

A. Pragmatics

B. Semantics

C. Sense relation

D. Concept