翻译技巧2
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2.(凤姐:)“这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗的外孙 女儿,竟是嫡亲的孙女儿似的。”(《红楼梦》) 译文I:"And everything about her so distingue! She doesn't take after your side of the family, Grannie, she's more like a Jia." (Tr. David Hawkes) 译文II:"Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn't take after her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress, but more like a Jia." (Tr. Yang Xianyi)
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汉语和英语部有大量的成语、谚语和比喻手段,其结构、 语义相用法在很大程度上受到所处具体文化环境的制约,因 此一般能够比较突出地反映文化和语言的差异。这类词语的 交际价值在于语用意义,具有强烈的文化持征。 下列汉英表达意义不同,请试辨析。 (1) 高校—— high school (2) 服务站—— service station (3) 休息室—— rest room (4) 儿戏—— child’s play (5) 金砖—— goldbrick (6) 大忙人—— busybody (7) 政治运动—— political campaign (8) 令人发指—— to make one’s hair stand on end (9) 被踢出去—— to get a kick out of something (10) 各吹各的号—— to blow one’s own horn / trumpet (11) 锦上添花—— to gild the lily (12) 亡羊补牢—— to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen
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2. 三月里刘熏宇来信,说互生病了,而且是没有 希望的病,医生说只好等日子了。四月底在《时事 新报》上见到立达学校的通告,想不到这么快互生 就殁了!(朱自清《哀互生》) In March I heard from Mr . Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopelessly sick at that. The doctor said there was nothing he could do but wait for the day to arrive. Toward the end of April , I came across an obituary issued by Lida School in the newspaper Current Affairs. How quickly the day had arrived!(刘士聪译)
• (3) 休息室—— rest room名词 [US] [c] 洗手间[英 = toilet,lavatory] • (4) 儿戏—— child’s play
• 1. 儿童剧 • 2. 极其简单的事,易如反掌的事
• (5) 金砖—— goldbrick
• • • • • • 1. 名词[可数] [俚语] [美国英语] 开小差的士兵 2. 名词[可数] [俚语] [美国英语] 游手好闲的人,无所事事的人 3. 名词[可数] [口语] [美国英语] 假金砖 4. 名词[可数] [口语] [美国英语] 赝品,冒牌货;虚有其表的东西 5. 及物动词 欺骗,诈骗 6. 不及物动词 [俚语] 逃避(工作),开小差
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• 一、概念意义与文化意义基本相同 • 此类词语能够“直译”。例如: • 1. 露面 to show one’s face , to show up • 丢脸 to lose face, face -losing • 老手 an old hand • 笑柄 a laughing stock • 碰壁 run one’s head against a wall • 祸不单行 Misfortunes never come singly • 混水摸鱼 to fish in troubled waters • 花钱如流水 to spend money like waters • 一只耳朵听,一只耳朵冒 to go in at one ear and out at the other
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1、惭愧 (不敢当,哪里) 2、请笑纳 (别嫌弃,一点意思) 3、您太客气 (让你破费,不好意思) 4、别客气 (别见外,没什么) 5、不见不散啊! 6、恭喜发财! 7、一路顺风! 8、该死! 9、没错。 10、没门儿!
• 1、惭愧(不敢当,哪里) • I'm pleased that you think so. (I'm pleased to hear that. You flatter me. Thank you for your compliment.) • 2、请笑纳(别嫌弃,一点意思) • I hope you will like it. (Please accept it.) • 3、您太客气(让你破费,不好意思) • It's so lovely! (Thank you for the gift.) • 4、别客气(别见外,没什么) • Don't mention it. (It's a pleasure. Not at all. You're welcome. Never mind.)
• 2.上哪去?(见面 • 2. How are you?/ “hi” “hello” / where are 打招呼) you headed? • 3. 借光! • 4.慢走! • 3. Excuse me! • 4. Take care, bye! / See you later! / Bye! Keep in touch! / Bye-bye! /So long!
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二、概念意义对应,文化意义空缺 概念意义对应, 原文词语在靶语里有概念意义的对应词,但没有 原文的文化意义,常见于比喻性词语。如“胸有成 竹”译为英文的“He has long had a fully-grown bamboo in his bosom”,就丧失了比喻意义。此类词 语的概念意义仅是手段,比喻意义才是目的。翻译 时可意译,或借用英语的喻体。例如: 老王和我算是柳家大院最“文明”的人了。“文 明”是三孙子。(老舍《柳家大院》) Old Wang and I are considered the genteel folk in the compound. Gentility be hanged! (Gentility be blown! Gentility, the deuce take it!)
• 5、不见不散啊!Please be there on time. • 6、恭喜发财!Good luck! • 7、一路顺风!Plain sailing. (Have a good journey. May the favorable wind accompany you.) • 8、该死!Damn it. • 9、没错。You bet. (No mistake. Certainly.) • 10、没门儿!No way.
• 5.您在哪儿发财? • 5. Where are you making money? • 6.拙著已于上月出 • 6. my book (painting, research paper, 版。 etc.) was published last month. • 7. 何时请光临寒舍。 7. Please visit my house at your • convenience.
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三、概念意义不同,语用意义不同 概念意义不同,
1. 一见面是寒暄,寒暄之后说我“胖了”,说我 “胖了”之后大骂其新党。(鲁迅《祝福》) • When we met, after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and after saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries. (Foreign Languages Press, 1972) 应增添解释性词语。试改译如下: After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked "fat", and having made that complimentary remark he launched a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
第二部分 汉英文化比较
第一节 语言中的文化因素解析
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 一、词汇中的文化意义 词汇中的文化意义 (1) 红(喜庆)一—red(暴力) (2) 白(丧服)——white(婚妙) (3) 蓝(蓝色)——blue(清高,忧郁,淫秽) (4) 黄(王权,淫秽)——yellow(怯懦) (5) 牧童(悠闲) ——cowboy(冒险) (6) 农民(忠厚朴实)——Peasant(心胸狭窄) (7) 狗(鄙视)——dog(同情) (8) 龙(高贵)——dragon(凶恶) (9) 月亮(团圆)——moon(虚幻) (10) 宣传(中性词)一—propaganda(贬义词) (11) 乌鸦(“黑”)——raven(凶兆) (12) 喜鹊(善言,吉祥)——magpie(喋喋不休) (13) 猫头鹰(凶兆)——owl(聪明) (14) 老天爷(大自然)——God(宗教) (15) 精神文明(政治)——spiritual civilization(宗教) (16) 芭其叶(“扇子”)——leaf of a palm(胜利)
第二节 文化与翻译
• 汉语译成英语时,不但文化载体改变了,文化的 读者环境也不复存在了。这时就会出现两种情形: 一、靶语没有相应的词语来承载源语的文化因素, 形成词语空缺。 二、译文受众缺乏理解原文所需要的文化背景知 识,或者以自己的文化背景去理解译文,造成误解。 翻译时应准确把握原文的文化含义,恰当传译。
• (6) 大忙人—— busybody名词[可数] 好管闲事的人
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• (7) 政治运动—— political campaign(竞选上的)较量
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• (8) 令人发指—— to make one’s hair stand on end使人毛骨悚然 • (9) 被踢出去—— to get a kick out of something从某事得到 快感 • (10) 各吹各的号—— to blow one’s own horn / trumpet自吹 自擂 • (11) 锦上添花—— to gild the lily给百合镀金,引申为多此一 举、画蛇添足 • (12) 亡羊补牢—— to lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen贼走关门
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二、语用方面的文化差异
将下列句子译成英文: 将下列句子译成英文: 1.令尊高寿? 2.上哪去?(见面打招呼) 3. 借光! 4.慢走! 5.您在哪儿发财? 6.拙著已于上月出版。 7. 何时请光临寒舍。
• 1.令尊高寿?
• 1. How old is your father? / Would you please tell me your father's age?
• (1) 高校—— high school
• 1. 名词 [c/u] [BRIT] (for students aged 11-18) 中学 • 2. 名词 [US] (for students aged 14-18) 中学
• (2) 服务站—— service station
• 1. 名词 [c] (petrol station) 加油站 • 2. 名词 [BRIT] (on motorway) 路边服务站[美 = rest area]