欧洲文化入门考前总结

欧洲文化入门考前总结

来源：考试吧（）2009年10月9日【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】模拟考场视频课程-

l 希腊罗马

Homer Author of epics

Sappho Lyric poet

AeschylusTragic dramatist

Sophocles Tragic dramatist

Euripides Tragic dramatist

Arostophoes Comedy writer

Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history

Thucydides Athens and Sparta, Syracuse historian

Pythagoras All things were numbers

Heracleitue Fire is the primary element

Democritus Materialist , atomic

Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method

Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realities

Euclid geometrist

Others Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus philosophy

Cicero Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writer

Caesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writer

Lucretius On the nature of things poet

Virgil ---Aeneas---tragic hero

4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。

l 基督教和圣经

²Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews 定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

²Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教为国教。

²Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint

l 中世纪

²开始于476西罗马帝国得衰败

²5-11世纪

²在文化上继承了Roman culture，出现了Hebrew and Gothic culture

²feudalism主要是一种system of land holding，for exchanging military service,它还是一种local and decentralized government

²1045,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

²反击Moslems，开始了Crusades

²Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732

²St. Thomas Aquinas写了The Summa Theologica总结了中世纪神学的所有知识并形成了系统，他认为feudal hierarchy of society is God’s rule

The power of feudal rulers is God’s will

Pope is Crist’s Plenipotentiary

²中世纪封建社会的人主要分为三个等级：clergy, lords, peasants

²Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular.

l 文艺复兴与宗教改革

Boccaccio Decameron

Cervantes Don Quixote(crowned literature of Spain)

Petrarch Sonnet,father of modern poetry

Da VinciArtist in Italy

Michelangelo Artist in Italy

Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy

Titian Oil color Artist in Italy

Ronsard France

Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France

Montaigne The Essais France

Thomas More Utopia

Shakespeare crowned literature of England

Copernicus The father of modern astronomy

Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy

Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy

Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography

Dante

V osari

others Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,Spencer, Bacon artists