中国四大发明英文介绍
四大发明叙述文英语作文
四大发明叙述文英语作文英文回答：Four Great Inventions of Ancient China.The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing. These inventions have had a profound impact on the development of human civilization, and they continue to be used today in various forms.The compass was invented during the Han Dynasty (206 BC 220 AD). It is a device that uses a magnetized needle to determine the direction of magnetic north. The compass was originally used for navigation, but it has also been used for surveying, mining, and other purposes.Gunpowder was invented during the Tang Dynasty (618 907 AD). It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate that explodes when ignited. Gunpowder wasoriginally used for fireworks, but it was later used in weapons such as cannons and guns.Papermaking was invented during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 220 AD). It is a process of making paper from plant fibers. Papermaking was originally used for writing and painting, but it has also been used for a variety of other purposes, such as printing, packaging, and insulation.Printing was invented during the Song Dynasty (960 1279 AD). It is a process of transferring ink to paper using movable type. Printing was originally used for printing books, but it has also been used for a variety of other purposes, such as newspapers, magazines, and posters.The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China are a testament to the ingenuity and creativity of the Chinese people. These inventions have had a profound impact on the development of human civilization, and they continue to be used today in various forms.中文回答：古代中国的四大发明。
四大发明简介(中英文版本)
China Ancient Four InventionsCompass, gunpowder['ɡʌn,paudə], papermaking skill and typography[tai'pɔɡrəfi], is China ancient['einʃənt] four inventions, it is one of the signs that China become to the ancient civilized['sivilaizd]country, occupy['ɔkjupai]the important position in the history of human civilization[,sivilai'zeiʃən].罗盘、火药、造纸术和印刷术,是中国古代四大发明,这是中国成为这古老文明的国家，占据在人类文明史上占有重要地位的标志之一。
1. Compass指南针The invention of the compass is the result of China ancient working people know to the object magnetism['mæɡnitizəm] in the long-term practice.指南针的发明是我国古代劳动人民长期实践中认识到物体的磁性的结果。
Because of productive labor['leibə], people have found the characteristic[,kærəktə'ristik] of the magnet['mæɡnit]pointing to direction. Through experiment and research in many ways, invented the Compass at last.由于生产劳动,人们已经发现了磁铁的指出方向的特点。
四大发明的介绍作文英文
四大发明的介绍作文英文The Four Great Inventions of ancient China refer to significant technological advancements that originated in China during ancient times. These inventions, including papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass, not only revolutionized Chinese society but also had a profound impact on the world.Firstly, let's delve into the invention of papermaking. The invention of paper is attributed to Cai Lun, a Chinese eunuch and official of the Han Dynasty, around 105 AD. Before the invention of paper, various materials such as bamboo strips, silk, and animal skins were used for writing. However, these materials were either cumbersome or expensive. Cai Lun's papermaking process, utilizingmulberry bark, hemp waste, and old fishing nets, revolutionized the way information was recorded and disseminated. The invention of paper significantlyfacilitated the spread of knowledge, culture, and ideas, laying the foundation for the development of humancivilization.Next, printing, another remarkable invention, greatly accelerated the dissemination of knowledge. The invention of woodblock printing is attributed to Bi Sheng during the Northern Song Dynasty in the 11th century. This technique involved carving characters onto wooden blocks, which were then inked and pressed onto paper to produce multiple copies of texts. Woodblock printing enabled the mass production of books, making literature more accessible to the general population. Later, the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng's successor, Wang Zhen, further revolutionized the printing industry. Movable type allowed for more efficient printing and contributed to the proliferation of literature, science, and culture.Gunpowder, one of the most influential inventions in human history, was discovered accidentally by Chinese alchemists during the Tang Dynasty (9th century AD). Initially used for medicinal purposes, gunpowder's explosive properties were soon recognized and harnessed for military applications. The development of gunpowderweaponry, such as cannons, firearms, and rockets, transformed the nature of warfare and had a profound impact on geopolitics. Gunpowder technology eventually spread to other parts of the world, leading to significant changes in military tactics and strategies.Lastly, the compass, another pivotal invention, revolutionized navigation and exploration. While the exact origins of the compass remain debated, it became widely used in China during the Song Dynasty (11th century AD). The compass, initially a simple lodestone compass, provided sailors with a reliable means of determining direction at sea. This technological advancement facilitated maritime trade, exploration, and the spread of ideas and cultures across continents. The compass played a crucial role in enabling the Age of Exploration and the subsequent globalization of trade and communication.In conclusion, the Four Great Inventions of ancient China—papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass—ushered in significant advancements in human civilization. These inventions not only transformed Chinese society butalso had far-reaching impacts on global history, culture, and technology. Their legacies continue to shape the modern world, serving as a testament to the ingenuity andcreativity of ancient Chinese civilization.。
四大发明用英语介绍短文
四大发明用英语介绍短文What are The Four Great Inventions?The Four Great Inventions are: The Compass，Gun powder，Papermaking，Printing Techniques.中国古代四项伟大的发明是指南针、火药、造纸术、印刷术。
The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historic significance and as signs of ancient China’s advanced science and technology. These fourinventions greatly promoted the development of China’s economy, politics, and culture.中国古代的四大发明因其历史意义和作为中国古代先进科学技术的标志而在中国文化中受到赞扬。
这四大发明大大促进了中国经济、政治和文化的发展。
The CompassThe history of the compass can be dated back tothe Warring States Period (476–221 BC), when Chinese people used a device calledsi nan to point the direction.指南针的历史可以追溯到战国时期（公元前476-221年），当时中国人使用一种叫做司南的装置来指明方向。
After constant improvement, a round compass with a tiny needle made of magnetized steel were invented during the early Song Dynasty. One end of the tiny needle points to the south and the other points to the north. The compass was then introduced to the Arab world and Europe during the Northern Song era (960–1127).经过不断的改进，在宋朝初期发明了一种带有磁化钢制成的小针的圆形罗盘。
中国四大发明英文介绍
• 4. Typography • The typography is one of the most
important four inventions in ancient China.
• People utilize the throwing stone machine, light the gunpowder bag and throw out, burn the enemy, this is the most primitive cannon.
• 唐朝，火药开始应用到军事上。 • 人们利用抛射石头的抛石机，把火药包点
中华民族对世界文明 的杰出贡献之一。
• In the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 105), the papermaking skill inventor Cai lun is on the basis of that forefathers weave silks experience, Have made into the vegetable fiber paper with bark, broken fishing network, rag, etc. raw materials. From then on, paper become to the material that generally write.
China Ancient Four Inventions 中国四大发明
• Compass, gunpowder, papermaking skill and typography, is China ancient four inventions, it is one of the signs that China become to the ancient civilized country, occupy the important position in the history of human civilization.
谈谈四大发明英语作文
谈谈四大发明英语作文英文回答：The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China have profoundly influenced the development of human civilization. They are:Papermaking (Chinese: 造纸术) Invented during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE 220 CE), papermaking revolutionized communication and record-keeping. Paper allowed for the dissemination of knowledge and ideas, facilitating the spread of education and culture.Printing (Chinese: 印刷术) Developed during the Tang Dynasty (618 907 CE), printing enabled the mass productionof texts and images. It greatly accelerated the circulation of information and contributed to the rise of literacy and scholarship.Compass (Chinese: 指南针) First used during the SongDynasty (960 1279 CE), the compass allowed sailors to navigate the vast oceans, leading to unprecedented maritime exploration and trade.Gunpowder (Chinese: 火药) Invented during the Song Dynasty, gunpowder revolutionized warfare and gave rise to new weapons such as cannons and firearms. While initially used for military purposes, gunpowder later found applications in mining, construction, and fireworks.These inventions not only had a significant impact on China but also spread to other parts of the world, transforming societies and shaping the course of human history.中文回答：四大发明是中国古代对人类文明发展产生了深远影响的四大发明，它们分别是：造纸术东汉时期（公元前206年公元220年）发明，造纸术革新了交流和记录方式。
四大发明简介(中英文版本)
China Ancient Four InventionsCompass, gunpowder['ɡʌn,paudə], papermaking skill and typography[tai'pɔɡrəfi], is China ancient['einʃənt]four inventions, it is one of the signs that China become to the ancient civilized['sivilaizd] country, occupy['ɔkjupai]the important position in the history of human civilization[,sivilai'zeiʃən].罗盘、火药、造纸术和印刷术,是中国古代四大发明,这是中国成为这古老文明的国家，占据在人类文明史上占有重要地位的标志之一。
1. Compass指南针The invention of the compass is the result of China ancient working people know to the object magnetism['mæɡnitizəm] in the long-term practice.指南针的发明是我国古代劳动人民长期实践中认识到物体的磁性的结果。
Because of productive labor['leibə], people have found the characteristic[,kærəktə'ristik]of the magnet['mæɡnit]pointing to direction. Through experiment and research in many ways, invented the Compass at last.由于生产劳动,人们已经发现了磁铁的指出方向的特点。
介绍中国古代四大发明的英语作文
介绍中国古代四大发明的英语作文Title: The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China: A Game-Changer for the WorldThe ancient Chinese civilization, often revered for its cultural richness and philosophical depth, has bequeathed to the world incredible treasures of knowledge and innovation. Among these, the Four Great Inventions of ancient China stand as towering testimonies to the ingenuity andforward-thinking spirit of the Chinese people: papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass. These inventions not only propelled China into a era of prosperity but also profoundly impacted the global landscape, facilitating information dissemination, exploration, and technological advancement that have shaped the course of human history.Papermaking leads the quartet, revolutionizing the way we record and share knowledge. Before the advent of paper, ancient Chinese, like their contemporaries around the globe, relied on cumbersome materials such as bamboo strips, wood slices, or silk for recording information. It was during the Han dynasty that a eunuch named Cai Lun is credited with refining the process of papermaking, using tree bark, hemp, and rags, which made paper more accessible and economical. Thisinvention sprouted wings for literacy and scholarship, as books became more portable and less expensive, bridging the chasm between the elite and the common folk in terms of access to knowledge.Following closely is the invention of printing, which catapulted the distribution of knowledge into a new era. Historical records attribute the development of woodblock printing to Buddhist monks during the Tang dynasty, who sought to reproduce sutras and distribute them widely among devotees. The method involved carving characters onto blocks of wood, inking them, and pressing them onto papers. By the Song dynasty, this evolved into moveable type printing, a technique that could produce books more efficiently and with greater flexibility. As a result, literature, science, and philosophy proliferated across China and, eventually, the world, democratizing education and fostering intellectual exchange.Gunpowder, while initially developed for medicinal purposes during the ninth century, soon found its more momentous use in warfare. By the 11th century, rockets, bombs, and other explosive weapons were transforming the battlefield, ushering in a new age of military technology.Although its use brought about significant changes to warfare and had profound implications for the balance of power, it also inadvertently spurred further technological advances in metallurgy and chemistry that benefitted civilian life.Last but not least, the invention of the compass reoriented the very concept of exploration. The earliest forms of the compass appeared during the Han dynasty, originally a simple spoon-shaped piece of lodestone that always pointed south. Mariners gradually adopted this tool for navigation, enabling them to venture into the vast oceans with confidence. The compass radically improved maritime travel and trade, connecting distant lands and cultures in a way hitherto unknown, laying the groundwork for the Age of Discovery.In conclusion, the Four Great Inventions of ancient China - papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass - form the quartets that orchestrated a symphony of progress and connectivity across the globe. They are not merely Chinese achievements; they are milestones of universal significance, marking key transitions in human communication, learning, conflict, and exploration. These innovations laid the foundation upon which the modern world was built, proving that in the realm of knowledge and discovery, thecontributions of ancient China resonate as deeply and globally as the most powerful epic poetry.。
英语作文四大发明15句简单
英语作文四大发明15句简单英文回答：The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China.Ancient China was a hub of innovation and technological advancement. Among the countless inventions that originated in China, four stand out as the most significant and influential: papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass. These inventions had a profound impact on Chinese society and culture, and their influence spread far beyond the borders of China, shaping the course of world history.1. Papermaking.Papermaking is considered one of the most important inventions of all time. Before paper, people wrote on materials such as bamboo, wood, and silk, which were expensive and difficult to work with. The invention of paper in the 1st century CE revolutionized writing andcommunication, making it easier and more affordable to produce books, documents, and other written works.2. Printing.The invention of printing in the 9th century CE was another major breakthrough. Before printing, books and other printed materials were produced by hand, a slow and labor-intensive process. The invention of the printing press made it possible to produce large quantities of printed materials quickly and cheaply, making knowledge more accessible to the general public.3. Gunpowder.Gunpowder, invented in the 9th century CE, had a significant impact on warfare and military technology. Before gunpowder, armies relied on weapons such as swords, spears, and bows and arrows. The invention of gunpowder led to the development of firearms, which gave armies a new level of firepower and destructive power.4. Compass.The compass, invented in the 11th century CE, played a crucial role in navigation and exploration. Before the compass, sailors relied on the stars and the sun to navigate, which was often difficult and unreliable. The invention of the compass allowed sailors to determine their direction more accurately, making long-distance travel and exploration possible.The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China were not only technological marvels but also catalysts for social, cultural, and economic change. They transformed the way people communicated, learned, waged war, and explored the world. Their legacy continues to shape our lives today, and they stand as a testament to the ingenuity and innovation of ancient Chinese inventors.中文回答：中国古代四大发明。
英语作文 四大发明
英语作文四大发明Title: The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China。
Introduction。
The Four Great Inventions of Ancient China refer to four crucial inventions that emerged during China's long history: papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass. These inventions have had a profound impact on human civilization, revolutionizing communication, warfare, and navigation. In this essay, we will delve into each of these inventions, exploring their origins, significance, and enduring legacy.1. Papermaking。
One of the most significant contributions of ancient China to the world is papermaking. The invention of papermaking is attributed to Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty around 105 AD. Before the invention of paper,various materials such as bamboo slips, wooden tablets, and silk were used for writing. However, these materials were expensive and cumbersome. The invention of paper revolutionized the way information was recorded and disseminated, leading to the spread of knowledge and culture.Papermaking involves the process of pulping fibers from materials such as wood, bamboo, or rags, and then pressing the pulp into thin sheets. The invention of paper not only facilitated the spread of literature, art, and science but also played a crucial role in the development of bureaucracy and administration.2. Printing。
四大发明的介绍作文英文
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中国的四大发明英语作文 范例
中国的四大发明英语作文范例China's Four Great Inventions: A Brief IntroductionThe Chinese civilization has a rich cultural heritage that spans over several millennia. Among the many achievements of ancient Chinese society, there are four great inventions that came to shape the world as we know it today. These inventions are papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and the compass.Papermaking is perhaps the most significant invention of them all. Paper was originally made from mulberry bark and other plants, which were boiled in water until they became a pulp. This pulp was then spread out on a flat surface and pressed to remove any excess water. Finally, it was left to dry in the sun. The result was a thin but durable sheet of paper that could be used for writing and drawing.Printing is another great achievement of ancient China. In its early stages, printing involved carving characters into pieces of wood or stone, which were then inked and pressedonto sheets of paper or cloth. Later on, movable type was invented in China, allowing individual letters and characters to be arranged and rearranged as needed for printing.Gunpowder is an invention that revolutionized warfare throughout history. The recipe for gunpowder includes saltpeter (potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur. When mixed together in specific proportions and ignited, gunpowder produces a sudden explosion that generates tremendous amounts of heat, light, smoke, and sound.The compass is yet another innovation that transformed navigation worldwide. Originally called south-pointing chariots because they had statues that always faced south towards home or at least their starting point; this incredible device allowed sailors to determine their direction even when visibility was poor or non-existent.In conclusion, China's four great inventions have had an enormous impact on human history and continue to influence modern life in countless ways. From communication totransportation to warfare, these innovations have transformed society in fundamental ways that we cannot imagine living without today. As such they represent an important piece of human history that deserves recognition and appreciation both inside china borders around the world.。
中国古代四大发明英语
中国古代四大发明英语Four Great Inventions of Ancient China is the world's four great inventions impact. Namely, papermaking, the compass, gunpowder, movable type.四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明。
即造纸术、指南针、火药、活字印刷术。
(一)CompassCompass is used to determine position of a simple instrument. Formerly known as Sinan. The main components are mounted on a shaft can freely rotate the needle (commonly known as magnet). Needle on the ground magnetic field can be maintained at the tangent magnetic radial direction. Needle points to the geographical North Pole South Pole, take advantage of this performance can be a sense of direction. Commonly used in navigation, geodesy, travel and military and so on.(一)指南针指南针是用以判别方位的一种简单仪器。
前身是司南。
主要组成部分是一根装在轴上可以自由转动的磁针(俗称吸铁石)。
磁针在地磁场作用下能保持在磁子午线的切线方向上。
磁针的北极指向地理的南极，利用这一性能可以辨别方向。
常用于航海、大地测量、旅行及军事等方面。
英文写作： 中华传统文化之四大发明
英文写作： 中华传统文化之四大发明一、请将下面这段话翻译成英文：中国的四大发明包括指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术，它们是中国在人类文明史上占有重要地位的标志之一。
第一个指南针产生于战国时期(the Warring States Period)，是利用天然磁石(natural magnet)来辨别方向的一种简单仪器。
火药发明于隋唐时期，主要应用于军事领域，造纸术于东汉年间由蔡伦改进，使纸成为人们普遍使用的书写材料。
印刷术，又称活字印刷术，大大促进了文化的传播。
四大发明对世界经济的发展和人类文化的进步做出了巨大的贡献。
【参考翻译】Four great inventions of China include the compass, gun powder, the paper-making technique and the printing technique. They are one of the marks that China occupies an important position in the history of human civilization.The first compass was invented during the Warring States Period. It was a simple device employing natural magnets to identify directions. Gunpowder was invented in Sui and Tang Dynasties and was mainly used in military areas. The paper-making technique was developed by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty, making paper a commonly used writing material. The Printing technique, also called movable type printing, promoted the spread of culture significantly. Thefour great inventions of China made tremendous contribution to the development of the world's economy and the progress of the culture of mankind.二、翻译：四大发明六级练习题（2013年12月卷四）中国以引进新的方式方法来改变人类的生活而著称。
四大发明英文版
PAPERMAKING
The oldest paper Fang matan Paper
History
Paper-making is one of the four great inventions of China, the paper is the han long experience accumulation and the crystallization of the wisdom of working people, human a brilliant invention in the history of civilization.
It's.....
Magnetic compass is a device used to determine geographic direction,usually consisting of a magnetic needle or needles horizontally mounted and free to pivot until aligned with the magnetic field of Earth.
blocks, and then
characters
were
engraved in relief on the
blocks.
Ink was brushed on the engraved block and a white sheet of paper was spread across it and then brushed with a clean brush on its back leaving
By CAI lun in eastern han dynasty (105) of the first year of yuan xing papermaking, improved by CAI lun in the bark, hemp heads and our raw materials such as cloth, fishing nets, after falling, dao, copy paper, drying technology, manufacturing, is the origin of modern paper. This paper, the raw material is easy to find and very cheap, quality is also improved, gradually widely used. In honour of the feat, CAI lun later generations called this paper "Cai Hou paper"
四大发明介绍英文作文
四大发明介绍英文作文英文：As a Chinese person, I am proud to introduce the four great inventions of ancient China to the world. These inventions have had a profound impact on human civilization and have greatly contributed to the progress of science and technology.The first great invention is papermaking. In ancient China, people used to write on bamboo slips, wooden tablets, and silk. However, these materials were expensive and not very convenient to use. In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), Cai Lun invented papermaking by using tree bark, old rags, and hemp waste as raw materials. This invention greatly improved the efficiency of information transmission and dissemination, and laid the foundation for the developmentof printing and publishing industries.The second great invention is printing. In the TangDynasty (618-907 AD), Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which made it possible to print books on a large scale. Before that, books were handwritten by scribes, which was a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. With the invention of movable type printing, books became more affordable and accessible to ordinary people. This greatly promoted the spread of knowledge and culture.The third great invention is gunpowder. Gunpowder was invented in the Tang Dynasty by alchemists who were trying to find the elixir of life. However, gunpowder was soon used in warfare, and it greatly changed the nature of warfare. With the invention of gunpowder, weapons such as cannons, muskets, and rockets were developed, which greatly increased the destructive power of armies. Gunpowder also had a profound impact on the development of fireworks and other pyrotechnics.The fourth great invention is the compass. The compass was invented in the Han Dynasty, and it greatly improved navigation and made long-distance sea voyages possible. Before the invention of the compass, sailors had to rely onthe stars and the sun to navigate, which was not very accurate. With the compass, sailors could determine their direction more accurately, which greatly reduced the riskof getting lost at sea.中文：作为一个中国人，我很自豪地向世界介绍古代中国的四大发明。
中国四大发明英文介绍ppt课件
• 接着，他又读第三遍，对其中的精神、实质有了透彻的理解。 Then, he read it a third time andgaineda thoroughunderstandingof its spirit andessence.
• 孔丘花了很大的精力，把《易》全部读了一遍，基本上了解了它的内容。 • and therefore have considerable weight. Kong Qiu put a lot of effort into reading all of the Book of Changes and
basically understoodits content.
活字存放 Movable type storage
欲印，则以一铁范置铁板上 To print, place an iron mold on an iron plate 其上以松脂\蜡和纸灰之类冒之 It is covered with resin, wax, and paper ash
贰 印刷术 art of printing
文 化
innovations of ancient China, including papermaking, compass, gunpowder and printing.
壹 造纸术 papermaking technology
造纸术发明者 Inventor of papermaking
蔡伦Cai Lun
4
用抄纸器将捣好的纸浆，抄成纸张 Use a paper cutter tomake paper fromthe beaten pulp
四大发明介绍英文作文
四大发明介绍英文作文1. Papermaking。
Papermaking is one of the four great inventions of ancient China. It was invented during the Han Dynastyaround 105 AD by a eunuch named Cai Lun. Before papermaking, people wrote on bamboo slips and silk, which were expensive and difficult to carry around. With the invention of paper, people could write more easily and cheaply. Papermaking spread to other countries along the Silk Road, and it eventually became a global industry. Today, paper is still an essential part of our daily lives.2. Compass。
The compass is another of the four great inventions of ancient China. It was invented during the Qin Dynastyaround 200 BC. The compass was originally used for divination, but it became an important tool for navigation during the Song Dynasty. With the compass, sailors coulddetermine their direction even when the stars were not visible. The compass was also used in feng shui, the ancient Chinese practice of arranging buildings and objects to harmonize with the natural environment.3. Gunpowder。
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Hello everyone. Today I’m going to talk about the Four Great Inventions of the Ancient China.
Do you know their name in English? If you don’t, let me introduce to you.
Papermaking technology
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun summed up the experience of forefathers, began to improve papermaking technology. He used a lot of simple things and produced the ‘Cai Hou’paper. This kind of paper is thin and can write easily. He made enormous contribution for China. It was produced to other countries after about 500 years.
Typography
Typography is a kind of printing. Before printing was invented, people had to record information by writing or other ways. But it always took a lot of time. Then Bi Sheng invented typography and improved the printing technology. It began to take less time and become easy to record information. It’s a great achievement in the history.
Compass
It was invented in the Warring States. After people found that a magnet could give directions, the compass was invented. It was a magnet made into a shape of spoon. When it stops, the spoon can point to the south. Then, it was produced to Europe in the 13th century. Not everywhere has
a lighthouse, so a compass is very useful for sailing. Even at a new place people will not lose their way with a compass.
Gunpowder
Gunpowder is also called black powder. It was invented in Tang Dynasty, about 9th century. It began to be used in military affairs and made great contribution for China. Guns, aircrafts could be invented afterwards.
Papermaking technology, typography, compass and gunpowder are Four Great Inventions of the Ancient China. They have made great contributions for people all over the world. As a Chinese person, we should remember and be proud of them.
That’s all for my duty. Thank you for listening.
1.sum sum up 总结
2.forefather ['fɔ:,fɑ:ðə] 前人
3.be produced to 传入
4.typography [tai'pɔgrəfi] 活字印刷术
pass ['kʌmpəs] 指南针
6.the Warring States 战国
7.magnet ['mægnit] 磁铁,磁石
8.Gunpowder ['gʌn,paudə] 火药
itary affairs 军事。