精神活性物质所致精神障碍(英文)

Illicit drugs are defined as a group of substances controlled by international and national laws, used for non-medical purpose, including opiate, cocaine, amphetamine type stimulants (ATSs), cannabis, hallucinogens, etc.
Substance is a group of chemicals that can alter human mind and behaviors. The word “substance” is generally preferable to the word “drug”. In DSM-III-R system, “drug” is also called “psychoactive substances”, but the DSM-IV refers to them simply as “substance” .
Addiction
The term addiction describes a brain disorder, with progressive, chronic, relapsing characteristics that generally involves the compulsion, loss of control, and continued use substance, despite adverse consequences.
Abuse
A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant adverse consequences, such as impairment or distress. There may be repeated failure to fulfill major role obligations, repeated use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, multiple legal problems, and recurrent social and interpersonal problems
Dependence
Basically, two concepts have been invoked regarding the definition of dependence: Psychological dependence: craving, compulsively substance-seeking activities and related evidence of pathological use patterns. Physical dependence: tolerance or withdrawal.
There are 2 million people in China died from smoking related diseases each year.
The Revenue from Tobacco Industries in China (YMB Billion)
120 100 90 80 60 40 28 20 0 30.5 41 55 83 71 95 98.9 105
National epidemiological survey (1994)
The male, female and total drinking rates were 84.1%,
29.3% and 59.5%, respectively
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More than half of male drinkers and 90.0% of female drinkers used alcohol once a week or less. More than 16.1% of male drinkers and 2.5% of female drinkers drank once a day or more.
精神病学
Psychoactive Substance Related Disorders
Wei Hao, MD., Ph.D.
Terminology
substance, drug addiction dependence abuse tolerance withdrawal syndrome
Substances
Ecstasy
Marijuana
Crack Cocaine
Ketamine
Drug Abuse Status in China
Cigarette Alcohol Illicit Drug
Smoking in China
China is number one cigarette producer, the output of cigarette account for 1/3 in the world, is 3 times larger than in US; Approximately 10% of revenue come from tobacco industries in China; The smoking rates in China are 60 %~70% for males and 7 % ~15% for females, there are 1.1 billion smokers in the world, 3200 million in China; The content of nicotine and tar in cigarette in China is much higher than in developed countries;
The annual consumption of pure alcohol for each
respondent was 3.60 liters;
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Males consumed 18.6 times more alcohol than females
The Number of Recorded Illicit Drug Users in China (in 10000)
Tolerance
After repeated exposure to drug, individuals require a larger dose to produce intoxication of the magnitude that was experienced when the drug was first administered. A need for markedly increased amounts of the substances to achieve intoxication or desired effect; Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.
Major Classes of Substances
Class Alcohol Amphetamine type stimulants (ATSs) Caffeine Cocaine Cannabis Hallucinogens Nicotine Opiates Common examples Beer, wine, whiskey, vodka, gin, spirits Amphetamine, methamphetamine, diet pills, ecstasy Coffee, tea, Coca leaves or paste, cocaine alkaloid (crack) Marijuana, hashish, THC LSD, mescaline Cigarettes, cigar Heroin, morphine, codeine, buprenorphine, methadone
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
The Amount of Cigarette Produced and Sold in China (Billion)
1750 1700 1650 1600 1550 1500 1450 Output Sold
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7.7 11.2 14.3 25 38 52 54 68.1 92 86 100
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002
Life-time Prevalence Rates of Drug Use in 1993 and 1996
%
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 9.5 3.3 2.7 1.7 3.6 0.2 26.4 83.4
Morphine Opium Heroin DHE Methodone Buprenorphine Dilantin Cocaine Cannabis ATS
0.6
Withdrawal Syndrome
A substance-specific syndrome occurred upon discontinuation or reduction of chronic administration of any substance (or administration of a specific antagonist); The syndrome is characterized by a spectrum of signs and symptoms that are generally opposite to those of pharmacological effects; The substance-specific syndrome causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.