unit3

(4) Adverbs Converted into Verbs • His poor health forced him away from England． →健康不佳迫使他离开英国。 • When the switch is off , the circuit is open and electricity doesn't go through. →当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过。 • In this case the temperature in the furnace is up. →这种情况下，炉温就升高。
(2) Prepositions Converted into Verbs E.g. • “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps,across the verandah, and into the porch。 → “来啦！”她转身蹦跳着越过草地，跑上小径， 跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 • Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. →党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住 的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是暗淡的油灯。 • A force is needed to move an object against inertia． →为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。
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(1) Nouns Converted into Verbs (2) Prepositions Converted into Verbs (3) Adjectives Converted into Verbs (4) Adverbs Converted into Verbs
(1) Nouns Converted into Verbs • The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. →看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感 到心驰神往。 • Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. →火箭已被用来探索宇宙。
(3) Adjectives Converted into Verbs • Many English adjectives after a link verb indicating one's consciousness, feelings, emotions, desires, etc. may always be converted into Chinese verbs. These words include confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able, etc. • Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life． →医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 • Both of the substances are soluble in water. →两种物质都能溶于水。
(2) Adverbs Converted into Adjectives English adverbs are used more extensively than Chinese adverbs; and many of them can be converted into Chinese adjectives. • Earthquakes are closely related to faulting． →地震与地层断裂有密切的关系： • It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic． →人们已经证实，气体具有理想的可收缩性。 • The pressure inside equals the pressure outside. →内部的压力和外部的压力相等。
Unit 3
Conversion （转换）
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu •
在翻译过程中，由于两种语言在语法和表达 习惯上的差异，有时必须改变原文某些词语的词 类或句子成分才能有效地传达出原文的准确意思。 汉语是一种动词显著的语言，因此英译汉的词类 转换最重要的一项就是将英语的各种词类转换成 汉语动词。此外，词类转换也包括各种词类转换 成名词、形容词、副词等操作方法技巧。句子成 分的转换包括主语与宾语之间的相互转换；主语 转换为谓语、状语等。
(2) Nouns and Verbs Converted into Adverbs
(1) Adjectives Converted into Adverbs This is the most common case when a noun modified by an adjective is converted into an adverb in the Chinese version. • Below 4℃, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. →水在4摄氏度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收 缩。 • Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials. →只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。
• Conversion means the change of parts of speech in translation.（ Owing to the syntactical differences between English and Chinese, it is usually impossible for a translator to keep to the original part of speech in the process of translation. For example: Original English: • This watch never varies more than a second in a month. Chinese Version: 这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。
• 4. Converting into Adverbs Sometimes, for the sake convenience, some parts of speech in English may be converted into Chinese adverbs. (1) Adjectives Converted into Adverbs
• (1) Verbs Converted into Nouns • (2) Adjectives Converted into Nouns • (3) Pronouns Converted into Nouns
(1) Verbs Converted into Nouns Some verbs derived from nouns may be translated into Chinese nouns. • Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. →这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。 • To them, he personified absolute power. →在他们看来，他就是绝对权力的化身。
• 3. Converting into Adjectives Some other parts of speech in English can be converted into Chinese adjectives to smooth the translation. • (1) Nouns Converted into Adjectives • (2) Adverbs Converted into Adjectives
(1) Nouns Converted into Adjectives Sometimes it is more preferable to convert an English noun into a Chinese adjective. • The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. →她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 • This experiment was a success. →这个实验很成功。 • Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study． →学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。
(3) Pronouns Converted into Nouns Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese. Sometimes we have to convert them into nouns to avoid confusion. • Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater． →无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波的波长要长得 多。 • The specific resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper。 →铁的电阻系数不如铜的电阻系数那样小。
• I. Conversion in English-Chinese Translation 1.Converting into Verbs： An English sentence contains no more than one predicate verb(谓语动词）, while in Chinese it is not unusual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence.
For example: Original English: • Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water. Chinese Version： • 住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。
(2) Adjectives Converted into Nouns Adjectives with the definite articles to indicate categories of people, things, or adjectives used as predicative to indicate the nature of things may also be converted into nouns. • They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. → 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 • Both the compounds are acids: the former is strong, the latter weak. →这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。
• 2. Converting into Nouns Nouns account for an overwhelming part of the vocabulary both in Chinese and in English. Conversion between nouns and other parts of speech is also frequently adopted in English-Chinese translation.