外文翻译---传动轴凸缘叉夹具的设计
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译71车床夹具设计分析
附录ALathe fixture design and analysisMa Feiyue(School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022,China)Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points.Keywords: lathe fixture; design; pointsLathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle.THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTUREInstalled on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixtureInstalled in the fixture on the lathe spindle in addition to three-jaw chuck, four jaw chuck, faceplate, front and rear dial with heart-shaped thimble and a combination of general-purpose lathe fixture folder outside (as these fixtures have been standardized and machine tool accessories, can be purchased when needed do not have to re-design), usually need to design special lathe fixture. Common special lathe folder with the following types.Fixture took disc latheThis process is to find the generic is installed on the faceplate is difficult to ensure the accuracy of the workpiece, so the need to design special lathe fixture. The lathe fixture design process, first select the cylindrical workpieceand the end cylinder B, the semi-circular surface finishing (finishing second circularsurface when the car has been good with circular surface) ispositioned datum, limit of six degrees of freedom, in line with the principle of base overlap.The work piece fixture to ensure the accuracy of measures:The workpiece fixture to ensure the accuracy of measures:(1) tool by the workpiece machining position relative to the guarantee. (2) symmetry of size 0.02. Rely on sets of holes5.56h Φ22.5Φ0.023023+Φ0.023023+Φ180.02±and positioning theworkpiece with the precision of andlocate the position of dimensional accuracy and process specification requirements to ensure that the same parts of the four circular surface must be processed on the same pins.(3) all fixtures and clip bushing hole axis vertical concrete face A tolerance of .because the A side is the fixture with the lathe when the transition assembly base plate installed.(4) specific folder on the-hole plate with the transition to the benchmarks pin design requires processing each batch of parts to be sold in the transitional disk with a coat made of a tight match, and the local processing of the face plate to reduce the transition fixture on the set of small errors.The angle iron fixtureIf the processing technology for the and, drilling, boring, reaming process scheme. Boring is required in the face A face of finishing B ( range) and the A, B sides and the holeaxis face runout does not exceed . In addition, the processing of -hole, you should also ensure that its axis with the axis of thedegree of tolerance for the uranium ; size 5.56h Φ0.0100.00220.5++Φ0.005mm 207H Φ20Φ0.0102.5+Φ0.0110.00510++Φ12Φ10Φ0.02mm 2.5Φ0.0110.00510++Φ0.01mm Φ10Φand the location of ; and and of the axis of the axis of displacement tolerance not more than .Based on the above analysis on the part of process size, choose the -hole on the workpiece surface and M, N two planes to locate the benchmark.Installed on the lathe pallet fixtureLimited equipment in the factory, similar to the shape of the parts box, its small size, designed for easy installation without turning the main pumping in the fixture, you can drag the panel removal tool holder, fixture and workpiece mounted on the pallet. Processing, mounted on the lathe tool on the main primary uranium movement, feed the work piece for movement, so you can expand the scope of application of lathe.LATHE FIXTURE DESIGN POINTSThe design features of the positioning deviceLathe fixture positioning device in the design, in addition to considering the limited degrees of freedom, the most important thing is to make the surface of the workpiece axis coincides with the 15.50.1±80.1mm ± 2.5Φ10Φ17.5Φ0.02mm 17.5Φaxis of spindle rotation. This is described in the previous two sets of lathe fixture when special emphasis. In addition, the positioning device components in the specific folder location on the workpiece surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of the location has a direct relationship, so the total figure on the fixture, be sure to mark the location positioning device dimensions and tolerances, and acceptance as a fixture conditions.Jig weight design requirementsProcessing in the lathe, the workpiece rotation together with the fixture will be a great centrifugal force and the centrifugal force increases sharply with increasing speed. This precision machining, processing, and the vibration would affect the surface quality of parts. Therefore, the lathe fixture between devices should pay attention to the layout of equipment necessary to balance the design weights.Dlamping device design requirementsLathe fixture in the course of their work should be the role of centrifugal force and cutting force, the size of its force and direction of the workpiece position relative to the base is changing. Therefore, a sufficient clamping device clamping force and a good self-locking.To ensure safe and reliable clamping. However, the clamping force can not be too large, and require a reasonable layout of the force, and will not undermine the accuracy of the location positioning device.Llathe fixture connection with the machine tool spindle design Lathe fixture connected with the spindle directly affects the accuracy of the rotary fixture accuracy, resulting in errors in the workpiece. Therefore, the required fixture rotation axis lathe spindle axis with high concentricity.Lathe fixture connected with the spindle structure, depending on the spindle when turning the front of the structure model is confirmed, by machine instructions or the manual check on. Lathe spindle nose are generally outside the car with cone and cone, or a journal and other structures with the flange end connections to the fixture base. Note, however, check the manual should be used with caution, because many manufacturers of machine tools, machine tools of similar size may differ. The most reliable method for determining, or to field measurements in order to avoid errors or losses. Determine the fixture and the spindle connecting structure, generally based on fixture size of the size of the radial: radialdimension less than , or small lathe fixture. Pairs of fixture requirements of the overall structureLathe fixture generally work in the state of the cantilever in order to ensure process stability, compact fixture structure should be simple, lightweight and safe, overhang length to as small as possible, the center of gravity close to the front spindle bearing. Fixture overhang length L and the ratio of outer diameter D profile can refer to the following values used:Less than the diameter D in fixture, ;Diameter D between the fixture in ,; Fixture diameter D is greater than , .To ensure security, installed in the specific folder on the components of the folder is not allowed out beyond the specific diameter, should also consider cutting the wound and coolant splash and other issues affecting safe operation.References140mm (23)D d <-150mm 1.25L D ≤150300mm :0.9L D ≤300mm 0.6L D ≤[1] Chen Guofu. Lathe fixture [J]. Mechanical workers. Cold, 2000 (12)[2] Dong Yuming. Yang Hongyu. Fixture design in the common problems [J]. Mechanical workers. Cold, 2005 (1)[3] Liu Juncheng The machine clamps the clamping force in the design process calculations [J]. tool technology, 2007 (6)附录B车床夹具设计分析（合肥学院机械工程系，安徽合肥230022）摘要：从车床夹具的主要类型着手，对花盘式车床夹具和角铁式夹具进行了介绍，并在此基础上分析了车床夹具设计要点。
轴类毕业设计英文翻译、外文文献翻译
ShaftSolid shafts. As a machine component a shaft is commonly a cylindrical bar that supports and rotates with devices for receiving and delivering rotary motion and torque .The crankshaft of a reciprocating engine receive its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms), and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and other devices. The camshafts, driven by a gear or chain from the crankshaft, has only one receiver or input, but each cam on the shaft delivers rotary motion to the valve-actuating mechanisms.An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels and pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles, no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools.In the days when all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter couter shafts, jack shafts, or head shafts. These lineshafts were assembled form separate lengths of shafting clampled together by rigid couplings. Although it is usually more convenient to drive each machine with a separate electric motor, and the present-day trend is in this direction, there are still some oil engine receives its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms) , and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and other devices. The camshafts, driven by a gear or chain from the crankshaft, has only one receiver or input, but each cam on the shaft delivers rotary motion to the valve-actuating mechanisms.An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels and pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles, no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools.In the days when all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter coutershafts, jackshafts, or headshafts. These line shafts were assembled form separatelengths of shafting clampled together by rigid couplings. Although it is usually more convenient to drive each machine with a separate electric motor, and the present-day trend is in this direction, there are still some situation in which a group drive is more economical.A single-throw crankshaft that could be used in a single-cylinder reciprocating engine or pump is shown in Figure 21. The journals A andB rotate in the main bearings,C is the crankpin that fits in a bearing on the end of the connecting rod and moves on a circle of radius R about the main bearings, whileD andE are the cheeks or webs.The throw R is one half the stroks of the piston, which is connected, by the wrist pin, to the other end of the connecting rod and guided so as to move on a straight path passing throw the axis XX. On a multiple-cylinder engine the crankshaft has multiple throws---eight for a straight eight and for a V-8---arranged in a suitable angular relationship.Stress and strains. In operation, shafts are subjected to a shearing stress, whose magnitude depends on the torque and the dimensions of the cross section. This stress is a measure of resistance that the shaft material offers to the applied torque. All shafts that transmit a torque are subjected to torsional shearing stresses.In addition to the shearing stresses, twisted shafts are also subjected to shearing distortions. The distorted state is usually defined by the angle of twist per unit length; i.e., the retation of one cross section of a shaft relative to another cross section at a unit distance from it.Shafts that carry gears and pulleys are bent as well as twisted, and the magniude of the bending stresses, which are tensile on the convex side of the bend and compressive on the concave side, will depend on the load, the distance between the bearings of the shaft cross section.The combination of bending and twisting produces a state of stress in the shaft that is more complex than the state of pure shears produced by torsion alone or the state of tension-compression produced by bending alone.To the designer of shaft it is important to know if the shaft is likely to fail because of an excessive normal stress. If a piece of chalk is twisted, it will invariably rupture on a plane at about 45 degrees to the axis. This is because the maximum tensile stresses act on this plane, and chalk is weak in tension. Steel shafting is usually designed so that the maximum shearing stress produced by bending and torsion is less than a specified maximum.Shafts with circular cross sections are easier to produce in the steel mill, easier to machine, andeasier to support in bearings than shafts with other cross section; there is seldom any need for using noncircular shapes. In addition, the strength and stiffness, both in bending and torsion, are more easily calculated for circular shafts. Lastly, for a given amount of materials the circular shafts has the smallest maximum shearing stress for a given torque, and the highest torsional rigidity.The shearing in a circular shaft is highest at the surface and drops off to zero at the axis. This means that most of the torque is carried by the material on and near the surface.Critical speeds. In the same way that a violin string vibrates when stroked with a bow, a cylindrical shaft suspended between two bearings has a natural frequency of lateral vibration. If the speed of revolution of the shaft coincides with the natural frequency, the shaft experience a whirling critical speed and become noisy. These speeds are more likely to occur with long, flexible shafts than with short, stiff ones. The natural frequency of a shaft can be raised by increasing its stiffness.If a slender rod is fixed to the ceiling ta one end and supports a heavy disk at the other end, the disk will oscillate back and forth around the rod axis like a torsion pendulum if given an initial twist and let go. The frequency of the oscillations will depend on the torsional stiffness of the rod and the weight of the disk; the stiffer the rod and the lighter the disk the higher the frequency. Similar torsional oscillations can occur in the crankshafts of reciprocating engines, particularly those with many crank throws and a heavy flywheel. Each crank throw and part of the associated connecting rod acts like a small flywheel, and for the crankshaft as a whole, there are a number of ways or modes in which there small flywheels can oscillate back and forth around the shaft axis in opposition to one another and to the main flywheel. For each of these modes there corresponds a natural frequency of oscillation.When the engine is operating the torques delivered to the crankshaft by the connecting rods fluctuate, and if the crankshaft speed is such that these fluctuating impulses are delivered at a speed corresponding to one of the natural torsional frequencies of the shaft, torsional oscillations will be superimposed on the rotary motion of the shafts. Such speed are known as torsional critical speeds, and they can cause shaft failures. A number of devices to control the oscillations of crankshafts have been invented.Flexible shafts. A flexible shaft consists of a number of superimposed tightly wound right-and left-hand layers of helically wound wires wrapped about a single center wire or mandrel. The shaft is connected to source of power and the driven member by special fittings attached to the end of theshaft. Flexible easings of metallic or nonmetallic materials, which guide and protect the shaft and retain the lubricant, are also available. Compared with solid shafts, flexible shafts can be bent to much smaller radii without being overstressed.For transmitting power around corners and for considerable distances flexible shafts are usually cheaper and more convenient than belts, chains, or gears. Most speedometers on automobiles are driven by flexible shafts running from the transmission to the dashboard. When a valve, a switch, or other control devices is in a hard-to-reach location, it can be operated by a flexible shaft from a more convenient position. For portable tools such as sanders, grinders, and drilling machines, flexible shafts are practically indispensable.KEY, SPLINES AND PINSKeys, splines, and pins. When power is being transmitted from a machine member such as a coupling, a gear, a flywheel, or a pulley to the shaft on which it is mounted, means must be provided for preventing relative motion between the shaft and the member. On helical and bevel gears, relative movement along the shaft caused by the thrust(axial) loads is prevented by a step in the shaft or by having the gear contact the bearing directly or through a tubular spacer. When axial loads are incidental and of small magnitude, the members are kept from sliding along the shaft by means of a set screw. The primary purpose of keys, splines, and pins is to prevent relative rotary movement.A commonly used type of key has a square cross section and is sunk half in the shaft and half in the hub of the other member. If the key is made of steel(which is commonly the case)of the same strength as the shaft and has a width and depth equal to one fourth of the shaft diameter(this proportion is closely approximated in practice) then it will have the same torque capacity as the solid shaft if its length is 1.57 times that of the shaft diameter. Another common type of key has a rectangular cross section with a depth to width ratio of 0.75. Both of these keys may either be straight or tapered in depth. The straight keys fit snugly on the sides of the key ways only, the tapered keys on all sides. Gib-head keys are tapered keys with a projection on one end to facilitate removal.Woodruff keys are widely used on machine tools and motor vehicles. The key is a segment of adisk and fits in a keyway in the shaft that is with a special milling cutter. Though the extra depth of these keys weakens the shaft considerably, it prevents any tendency of the key to rotate or move axially. Woodruff keys are particularly suitable for tapering shaft ends.Because they weaken the shafts less, keys with straight or tapered circular cross sections are sometimes used in place of square and rectangular keys, but the keyways, half in the shaft and half in the shaft and half in the hub, must be cut with a drill after assembly,and interchangeability of parts is practically impossible. When a large gear blank is made by shrinking a high-strength rim on a cheaper cast center, circular keys, snugly fitted, are frequently used to ensure a permanent connection.Splines are permanent keys integral with the shaft, fitting in keyways cut in the hub. The dimensions of splined fittings are standardized for both permanent (press) fits and sliding fits. The teeth have either straight or involute profiles;the latter are stronger, more easily measured, and have a self-centring action when twisted.Tapered circular pins can be used to restrain shaft-mounted members from both axial and rotary movement. The pin fits snugly in a reamed tapered hole that is perpendicular to the shaft surface. A number of straight pins that grip by deforming elastically or plastically when driven into straight holes are commercially available.All the keys and pins that have been described are standard driving devices. In some cases they inadequate, and unorthodox means must be employed. For driving small gear in which there is no room between the bore and the roots of the teeth for a longitudinal keyway, a transverse radial slot on the end of the gear can be made to fit a radial protuberance on the shaft. For transmitting moderate loads, a cheaper and effective connection can be made by forming a series of longitudinal serrations on the shaft with a knurling tool and pressing the shaft into the hole in the driven member, it will cut grooves in the hole and provide, in effect, a press-fitted splined connection. Press and shrink fits are also used, and they can provide surprisingly firm connections, but the dimensions of the connected member must be closely controlled.轴实心轴轴作为机械零件通常是一根圆柱形杆，用来支撑部件并随部件一起转动以接受和传递转动和扭矩。
拨叉加工工艺及夹具设计 英文
拨叉加工工艺及夹具设计英文Title: Process and Fixture Design for Turning OperationsAbstract:This paper explores the process of turning operations using a lathe and the design of fixtures to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the process. The use of acutting tool on a rotating workpiece allows for the creation of cylindrical shapes, grooves, and threads. The process of turning is widely used in manufacturing industries to produce a variety of components with high precision and surface finish.One of the key components in the turning process is the tool holder, which secures the cutting tool in place and provides the necessary rigidity and stability during the cutting operation. The design of the tool holder iscritical in achieving high-quality results, and the selection of the appropriate cutting tool and tool material is equally important.Another important aspect of the turning process is the design of the fixture that holds the workpiece in place. The fixture must provide secure clamping of the workpiece,while also allowing for easy loading and unloading. The design of the fixture must also ensure that the workpiece is positioned accurately and securely to prevent any movement during the cutting operation.In this paper, we will discuss the various types of turning operations and the design considerations for both the tool holder and the fixture. We will also provide examples of fixture designs for specific turning operations, as well as the selection of appropriate cutting tools and tool materials. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to provide insights and practical guidelines for the successful implementation of turning operations in manufacturing processes.。
夹具设计外文翻译
Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture designFixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].1. Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.1.2 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formedcorrespondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers. The components case represents the members. (function component and other structure components，main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.2. Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.2.1 Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.2.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is just saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.3. ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。
变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计(中英文文献)
毕业论文附件材料目录1 英文文献翻译 (1)1.1 Shift gearbox (1)1.2 变速箱的换挡方式 (12)1 英文文献翻译1.1 Shift gearboxClassification usually gearbox as follows:Manual transmissionThe general automatic gearbox / common automatic transmission with tiptronic CVT stepless gearbox with gear box of the /CVTDual clutch gearboxSequential gearbox(1) manual gearboxManual transmission, also known as manual gear, English name is manual transmission, referred to as MT, which push the shift lever to change gears meshing position inside the transmission, changing the transmission ratio, so as to achieve the purpose of speed. Step on the clutch, can move the shift lever.The working principle of a manual gearboxThe manual gear box is composed of different gear ratio of the gear group, its basic principle is through the gear group work in different, to realize the transformation of gear ratio. As the key link for power distribution, transmission must have the power input shaft and the output shaft of the big two, together constitute the transmission gear, is a manual transmission is the most basic component. The power input is connected with the clutch shaft clutch transmission, from the power to directly through the input shaft to the group, the gear set is composed of different diameter gear, gear power transmission effect of different proportion reached is completely different, the usual shift driving also refers to change gear ratio.Next, let us through a simple model to tell you, the principle of manual gearbox shift. Below is a simple structural model of 3 axis 2 speed gearbox.The input shaft (green) is also called the first shaft, connected by a clutch and engine, shaft and the gear is a hard connected components. Red is called the intermediate gear shaft. Enter the two gear shaft and intermediate shaft is in constant mesh state, so when the input shaft rotates will drive shaft rotation. Yellow is the output shaft, it is also called the second shafts and connected to the drive shaft (only for rear wheel drive, the precursor is generally two), and then through the differential drive vehicles.When the wheel rotates the same with spline shaft to rotate together, at this time, blue gear shaft can occur on the spline shaft relative free rotation. Therefore, the engine stops, and the wheel is rotated, the blue gear and shaft in the stationary state, and the spline shaft with wheels. The principle and the rear axle of the bicycle flywheel is similar. Blue gear and spline shaft is composed of a sleeve to connect, sleeve with spline shaft to rotate, but also can be free to slide on the spline shaft to gear.With these, the shifting process is very good understanding, when connectingsleeve and a blue gear, engine power will be transmitted to the output shaft through the shaft, at the same time, blue gear left in free rotation, but because there is no and sleeve engaged, so it does not affect the spline shaft. If the sleeve between the two blue gear, the gearbox in neutral position, the two blue gear on the spline shaft rotate freely, without mutual interference.Principle of a conventional 5 speed manual gearbox shift is the same, only the gearbox structure increased the number of sleeve and the gear sets, so that it has more gear. But the reverse is based on the intermediate shaft (red) and the output shaft (blue) is added between a gear to achieve. Due to the increase of a gear, the reverse gear will always rotate toward other gear in the opposite direction. The gear because only to change gear rotation direction function, so it is also called the idler.5 block two shaft transmission structure, the input shaft and the driving gear are integrated into a whole, simplifies the structure and saves spaceIn addition to the traditional three axis manual gearbox, the widespread use of cars is two axis manual transmission, its structure and the three shaft of the gearbox is similar, only the input shaft and intermediate shaft as a shaft, therefore has the advantages of simple structure, small size advantages, in addition, it also has the middle gear transmission high efficiency, and low noise characteristics, so it is more suitable to be the precursor home car general car transmission form, is currently the most widely used, its shortcomings is not set up direct gear, transmission and file than the design cannot be too high. While driving, three shaft gearbox used is still the traditional.Manual gearbox in general, is through the push rod is connected or cable to control the shift. Push rod shift control connection, more direct but vibration will be large; and the cable type although no vibration, but the shift is not very clear, it is each to have good and bad. In addition to shift the two pure mechanical control, in addition, and the use of electronic shift device of manual transmission, which can combine themerits of push and pull the shift between the good. This kind of gear box in the shift when the gear shift lever, shifting to the corresponding gear, the transmission will be motor drive the corresponding fork control sleeve and the gear is engaged, so that there is no gear is not clear, but the shift schedule can be controlled in the ideal range.So, a good manual transmission need to have what characteristic? The first transmission must have good gear handle, each gear position clear, have reasonable horizontal and vertical stroke, into the block resistance is small and with suction. What is more important is, the gear tooth between than arrangement must be reasonable. Because each gear position than distribution, directly affect the cohesion power vehicles moving in a smooth, usually require a low gear can effectively accelerate, high block to achieve high speed and efficient, and the distance between each block should be uniform, otherwise will be very easy to cause the channeling shift when the car.Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of manual gearboxAdvantages Obviously, which is simple in structure, reliable performance, manufacturing and maintenance cost is low, and the transmission efficiency is high (theory will be more fuel-efficient), also, because it is pure mechanical control, shift reaction is fast, and can be more direct expression of driver's intention, and therefore more driving pleasure, these are the advantages of manual gearbox. But compared to automatic transmission, its operation is complicated, and frustration in gear switch when the obvious disadvantage is irreparable.(2) automatic gearboxAutomatic transmission AT, the full name of Auto Transmission, which is composed of hydraulic torque converter, composed of planetary gear and hydraulic control system, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve variable speed moment.Compared with the manual transmission, automatic transmission is very different in structure and usage. The manual is mainly regulated by different gear combination to change gear, and the automatic transmission is through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of changing speed. Hydraulic torqueconverter is one of the most characteristic of the automatic gearbox parts, which is composed of a pump, turbine and guide wheel and other components, pump wheel and turbine is a combination of work, through the liquid pump wheel drives the turbine to rotate, and the wheel between the pump and turbine wheel through the reaction between the pump wheel and turbine implementation the speed difference and implementation of variable torque function, the driver, you only need to different intensity slam the pedal, the gearbox can automatically stop lifting. Since the torque converter automatic transmission torque range is not big enough, so in a later series several rows of planetary gear to improve efficiency, the hydraulic control system will change with the engine to manipulate the planetary gear, so as to realize the automatic transmission torque. In order to meet a variety of running process needs (such as parking, reversing), automatic transmission also has some manual shift lever position, like the P block (R block (anchor), after the block), block N (neutral), D (forward), block.From the performance that the more gear automatic gearbox, the car in the process of running more smoothly, acceleration is better, and more fuel-efficient. In addition to providing a comfortable driving feeling, automatic transmission also has insurmountable defects. Dynamic automatic transmission response is not directly, which makes it in the "driving pleasure" slightly shortage. In addition, because of the use of hydraulic transmission, the automatic transmission gearbox transmission power loss.Tiptronic automatic transmissionHands appeared gearbox is in order to improve the automatic gearbox and operating economy and increase the setting, let the original computer automatic shift time back into the hands of drivers. At the same time, if in the city traffic in, or you can always switch back to automatic.A tiptronic automatic transmission is actually automatic gearbox, first appeared in a Porsche 911, manual gearbox electronic control system through the simulation of the operation of a manual gearbox. It appears, giving the driver a greater degree of freedom in the operation, can block up the blocking or shift paddles on the steeringwheel to choose their own gear and shift the timing right, thereby greatly improving the driving pleasure.(3) CTV non-polar transmissionCVT (Continuously Variable Transmission), direct translation is a continuously variable transmission, which is continuously variable transmission. We often say, just as its name implies is that there is no clear and specific file, which operate on similar automatic gearbox, gear jump process but the ratio change is different from the automatic gearbox, but a continuous, so the power transmission continues smooth.CVT transmission system, the traditional gear by a pair of pulleys and a steel belt is replaced, each block is V structure is composed of two intervertebral disk, engine shaft is connected through a small pulley, steel belt drive pulley. Mystery lies in this special pulley: drive pulley structures CVT strange activity, divided into halves, can be close to or separate relative. Cone disc can tighten or open the thrust hydraulic, extrusion sheet steel chain so as to adjust the V slot width. When the cone disc inside mobile tightened, steel chain in the extrusion cones to center outside of the directionof movement (centrifugal direction), but moving to the center of the circle. In this way, steel chain drives the disc diameter increases, the transmission ratio is changed.The CVT gearbox what are the advantages?1, because there is no general automatic transmission gear, there will be no shift process of automatic transmission, shift the resulting sense of frustration will disappear, so the power output of CVT gearbox is linear, in actual driving very smooth.Theory of transmission system of 2 CVT, the gear can be an unlimited number of gear set, more freedom, the traditional transmission gear ratio, speed ratio and performance, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions balance, are more likely to achieve.3, the mechanical efficiency of CVT transmission, the province is oily considerably better than the automatic transmission common, after manual gearbox, fuel economy is much better than.Since there are so many advantages, why not let all the cars using CVT gearbox?There are two factors:1, compared with the traditional automatic transmission, its cost is high; and the operation is undeserved word, the higher probability.2, CVT gearbox itself still has its shortcomings, is the transmission of the steel belt can withstand strength is limited, generally more than 2.8L capacity or power above 280N • M is its limit, but we al so see that there are more and more cars such as Audi, or Nissan, has broken the limit, believe strip the problem will be solved gradually.(4) dual clutch gearboxDual clutch gearbox DCT, English name is Dual Clutch Transmission, because it has two clutches, so called "dual clutch transmission".Technology introducedDual clutch gearbox combines the advantages of manual transmission and automatic transmission, no torque converter, instead of using two sets of clutch, through two sets of clutch alternately work, to achieve seamless shift effect. Two clutches respectively control the odd block and even block, that is to say, in the shift before, DSG had the next gear meshing, after shifting instruction, DSG quickly sends instructions to the engine, the engine speed increases, the previous meshing gears quickly, while the first group of clutch fully liberalized, the completion of a rise to block the action time, action and so on.Because without the torque converter, so the power of the engine can be fully played out, while the two clutch alternately work, shift time making, dynamic fault engine may be very limited. As the driver is the feeling that we are the most direct, switch gear action very quickly and smoothly, dynamic transmission process of almost uninterrupted, vehicle dynamic performance can be fully play. Compared with the traditional automatic transmission with torque converter, the DSG shift more directly, the power loss is smaller, so the fuel consumption can be reduced by more than 10%.DeficienciesHowever, with the traditional automatic transmission ratio, DSG also has someinherent disadvantages, firstly it is because there is no use hydraulic torque converter, nor realize manual transmission "linkage" action, so for the small-displacement engine, low speed torque characteristic is not enough to be completely exposed; secondly, because the DSG transmission using computer control, belonging to an intelligent transmission, it needs to send electronic signals to the engine block in the process of falling in the L /, the engine after reply, and the engine to be completed with L / reduction gear. A large number of electronic components, but also increases the probability of its failure.The dual clutch common with V olkswagen's DSG, Ford Powershift, Mitsubishi SST and Porsche PDK.(5) sequential gearboxSequential gearbox (AMT) is improved on the traditional manual gear transmission based on; it combines hydromechatronics automatic transmission has the advantages of both AT and MT; AMT has the advantages of automatic transmission common automatic transmission, and the retention efficiency of the original manual transmission gear transmission, the high cost of low, simple structure, easy manufacture. It is the reform in the present manual transmission, retained most of the original assembly, only to change the shift lever manual operating system part, the production of succession, to transform the input costs less, is very easy to be manufacturers to accept.The driver through the accelerator pedal and joystick to the electronic control unit (ECU) control signal transmission; electronic control unit collects the engine speed sensor, the speed sensor signal, the time to master the running state of the vehicle; electronic control unit (ECU) based on the best program according to these signals stored therein, optimal shifting rules, clutch fuzzy control rules engine oil, adaptive control law, action and temporal separation of the engine, clutch and transmission shift binding, the three to achieve the best matching. In order to obtain the excellent fuel economy and power performance and ability to smooth start and rapid shift, in order to achieve the desired results.But the AMT transmission is not perfect, the biggest disadvantage of AMTgearbox is shifting comfort is poor, and generate power interruption in the process of shifting, the shift in the process of speed performance is not good.AMT mechanical gearbox, its basic structure and conventional manual gearbox consistent, generally only one input shaft and an output shaft (RWD usually a middle shaft), which generally is the input shaft 5 forward gear and output shaft gear is in constant mesh state, wherein the output shaft of the 1 gear and a reverse gear, 2 block and the 3 block, 4 block and 5 block were shared by the three shift fork. The mechanism of two adjacent gear with a shifting mechanism, when the shift action, fork need once upon a gear defect, through neutral to the next gear gear meshing, due to three actions is the order, even if each action will be the time to a minimum, is still very difficult to obtain the shift speed fast enough."Independent innovation shift fork"The ISR gearbox has a unique structure, the gear arrangement it is different with the traditional AMT gearbox, also different from the dual clutch gearbox. The use of four independent shift fork, two stalls adjacent to the gear shift fork is composed of different control. Four independent fork respectively control 1 gear and reverse gear; block 3 and block 5, block 2 and block 4, block 6 and block 7, that is to say, from 1 until 6 block, two adjacent stalls are composed of two independent fork to respectively control.Because of this design, the shifting process can be further shortened: when two adjacent gear to gear switch, a shift fork and the current gear gear detachment, another gear meshing has already started, and a shift fork action and activates the electronic clutch three, because the action is almost synchronously, so that the whole time shorten. Lamborghini is compared originally claimed, performance is very good before the generation of the E-gear sequential gearbox, shift speed upgrade 40%, shift speed of 50 milliseconds is close to F1 gearbox level.Gear shift mechanism of ISR is driven by the electric hydraulic pump, a maximum of 60 bar pressure ensures the necessary operating speed, 7 hydraulic valve controls the gear shift mechanism of action, and the electric pump to provide power, double plate clutch tough also driven by hydraulic pressure, will be responsible for thetorque of the 690Nm transmitted to the four wheels. Synchronizer gear ring is made from carbon fiber, not only wear but also reduce the overall quality of the gearbox.In the design process, the transmission is not only fast, shift quality is equally important, VOCIS design control procedure is also fully take into account the daily driving comfort. The gearbox can choose three kinds of work modes: Strada (Road) or full automatic mode can provide comfortable for shift operation oriented; Sport (motion) mode will postpone shifting node and provides a more rapid gear switch; Corsa (track) model can provide the best track shift strategy, the model can also provide the starting control, also is the ejection start function.1.2 变速箱的换挡方式通常变速箱的分类为以下几种：手动变速箱普通自动变速箱/普通自动变速箱带手自一体CVT无级变速箱/CVT带挡位的变速箱双离合变速箱序列变速箱(1) 手动变速箱手动变速器，也称手动挡，英文全称为manual transmission，简称MT，即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。
CA10B解放牌汽车传动轴突缘叉零件的机械加工工艺规程及夹具设计(含全套CAD图纸)
机械制造技术基础课程设计说明书设计题目 设计“传动轴突缘叉”零件的机械加工工艺及工艺设备设 计 者:指导教师:20**.7~20**.8机械制造技术基础课程设计任务书题目: 设计“ 传动轴突缘叉”零件的机械加工工 艺规则及工艺装备内容： 1.零件图 1 张2.毛坯图 1 张3. 机械加工工艺过程综合卡片 1 张4. 夹具结构设计装配图 1 张5. 夹具结构设计零件图 1 张6. 课程设计说明书 1 份目 录一、序言 (4)1. 设计目的2. 设计的要求3. 设计的内容及步骤二、零件的分析 (6)1.零件的主要技术要求2.零件的工艺分析三、工艺规程设计 (7)1.确定毛坯的制造形式2.基面的选择3.制定工艺路线4.机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定5.确定切削用量及基本工时四、夹具设计 (19)1.问题的提出2.夹具设计五、心得体会 (21)六、参考资料 (22)一、序言机械制造技术基础课程设计是在学完了大学的全部基础课、技术 基础课以及大部分专业课之后进行的。
是进行毕业设计之前对所学各 课程的一次深入的综合性的总复习，也是一次理论联系实际的训练， 因此，它在我们四年的大学生活中占有重要的地位。
希望能通过这次课程设计对学生未来将从事的工作进行一次适应 性训练，从中锻炼他们分析问题、解决问题的能力，为今后参加工作 打下一个良好的基础。
一、设计目的机械制造技术基础课程设计是在学完了机械制造基础课程后、进 行了生产实习之后的下一个教学环节。
它一方面要求学生通过设计能 获得综合运用过去所学过的全部课程进行工艺结构设计的基本能力， 另外，也为以后作好毕业设计进行一次综合训练和准备。
学生通过机 械制造技术基础课程设计，应在下述各方面得到锻炼：（1） 能熟练运用制造技术基础课程中的基础理论以及在生产实习中 学到的实践知识，正确地解决一个零件在加工中的定位、夹紧 以及工艺路线安排、工艺尺寸确定等问题，保证零件的加工质 量。
夹具设计中英文对照
Optimization of fixture design with consideration of thermal deformation inface milling考虑端铣中热变形的最佳化夹具设计Huang, YingAbstract摘要Effective methods of fixture design are proposed to reduce machining error caused by cutting heat in face milling. Experiments show that thermal effect is critical to final error in the finish cut and that it dominates cutting accuracy. Therefore, a mathematical model is structured of the cutting heat source on behalf of the cutting tool, and the flatness error generation process in face finishing is demonstrated by computational simulation based on the moving cutting heat source model with FEW Concerning surface flatness due to the moving cutting heat source for relatively thin plate-shaped workpieces, different methodologies have been proposed to reduce flatness error, namely, the application of additional supports and optimization of the fixturing support layout. Cutting experiments and computational analyses show the effectiveness of the additional supports and the optimization methodology applied on the fixture design in view of flatness error due to cutting heat. The proposed methodologies are applicable and beneficial to improve cutting accuracy not only of plate-shaped workpieces but also of other geometry workpieces.用于减小端铣中因切削热而引起的加工误差的有效的夹具设计方法已经被提出。
汽车传动轴凸缘叉加工工艺及夹具设计
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢！本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注！Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!汽车传动轴凸缘叉加工工艺及夹具设计1. 引言在汽车传动系统的制造过程中，传动轴凸缘叉的加工工艺和夹具设计是至关重要的环节。
机床刀具设计机械加工工艺夹具外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
英语原文：Design Of Tool Machine PropResearch significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform.3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as adrawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des V oeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.1.2.Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1.图 1 Tool Control System for the1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.mon typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:(1) the turret knifeIncluding the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutterDisc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compact layout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.(3) the chain knifeIncluding single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take ma ny forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structureFeatures: knife apply to thelarger capacity of theoccasion, the space of thesmall number of generallyapplicable to the tool in the30-120. Only increase thelength of the chain tool willincrease the number shouldnot be increasedcircumferential speed of itsmoment of inertia of theknife does not increase thedisc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife libraryThe linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.1.6.Control of the knife(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application2.1 Auto Rotary ToolRotary Tool automatically on the useof CNC machine tool is a simpleinstallation of automatic tool change, theQuartet and 47.60 Turret Tool variousforms, such as rotary turret were installedon four, six or more of the Tool , NCinstructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has twovertical and horizontal, relatively simplestructure, applicable to economic CNClathe.Rotary Tool in the structure must havegood strength and stiffness, resistance tobear rough Cutting Tool in the cuttingforce and reduce the role of deformationand improve processing accuracy.Rotating Tool to choose reliablepositioning programme structure andreasonable position, in order to ensure thateach rotary turret to a higher position afterrepeated positioning accuracy (typically0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows thespiral movements of the Quartet Turret.Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest ofATC, is 180 º rotary ATC devices, asshown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructionsreceived, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 º rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 º "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.2. 2 ATC head-turret installedWith rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 º, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool changeFigure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election 3. 1Common methods of automatic election knifeAutomatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions on the knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change [(63,71]. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: random sequence election knives and knife election method.3.1.1 order election knifeTool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. The need to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.3.1.2Random election knifeRandom election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the "tool identification device" acceptable identification. When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation.2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified.3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First toknives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. ConclusionFocused on in today's manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.译文：机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。
夹具设计外文翻译
夹具设计应符合以下大体要求（1）有适当的精度和尺寸稳固性夹具体上的重要表面，如安装定位元件的表面、安装对刀和导向元件的表面和夹具体的安装基面（与机床相连接的表面）等，应有适当的尺寸和形状精度，它们之间应有适当的位置精度。
为使夹具体尺寸稳固，铸造夹具体要进行时效处置，焊接和锻造夹具体要进行退火处置。
（2）有足够的强度和刚度。
加工进程中，夹具体要经受较大的切削力和夹紧力。
为保证夹具体不产生不许诺的变形和振动，夹具体应有足够的强度和刚度，因此夹具体需要有必然的壁厚。
（3）结构工艺性好。
夹具体应便于制造、装配和查验。
铸造夹具体上安装各类元件的表面应铸出3～5mm 高的凸面，以减少加工面积。
铸造夹具体壁厚要均匀，转角外应有R3～R5mm 的圆角。
夹具体结构形式应便于工件的装卸。
（4）要有适当的容屑空间和良好的排屑性能。
关于切削时产生切削不多的夹具，可加大定位元件工作表面与夹具之间的距离或增设容屑沟槽，以增加容屑空间；关于加工时产生大量切屑的夹具，可设置排屑缺口或斜面，斜角可取 50~30。
（5）在机床上安装稳固靠得住。
夹具在机床上的安装都是通过夹具体上的安装基面和机床上相应表面的接触或配合实现的。
当夹具在机床工作台上安装时，夹具的重心应尽可能低，重心越高那么支承面应越大；夹具底面四边应凸出，使夹具体安装基面与机床的工作台面接触良好。
接触边或支脚的宽度应大于机床工作台梯形槽的宽度，应一次加工出来，并保证必然的平面精度；当夹具在机床主轴上安装时，夹具安装基面与主轴相应表面应有较高的配合精度，并保证夹具体安装稳固靠得住。
（6）有较好的外观。
夹具体外观造型要新颖，钢质夹具体需要发蓝处置或退磁，铸件未加工部位必需清理，并涂油漆。
（7）在夹具适当位置用钢印打出夹具编号，以便于工装的治理。
夹具的制造及工艺性（1）夹具的制造精度夹具一般是单件生产，且制造周期很短。
为了保证工件的加工要求，很多夹具要有较高的制造精度。
企业的工具车间有多种加工设备，例如加工孔系的坐标镗床、加工复杂形面的全能铣床、周密车床和各类磨床等，都有具有良好的加工性能和加工精度。
专业夹具设计外文翻译.doc
译文标题精密机械加工工艺原文标题Precision Machining Technology作者Peter J. Hoffman 译名彼得·J·霍夫曼国籍美国原文出处Cengage Learning译文：在机械加工过程中，工件受到切削力、离心力、惯性力等的作用，为了保证在这些外力作用下，工件仍能在夹具中保持已由定位元件确定的加工位置，而不致发生振动或位移、夹具结构中应设置夹紧装置将工件可靠夹牢。
一、夹紧装置的组成夹紧装置的种类很多，但其结构均由两部分组成。
1 ．动力装置夹紧力的来源，一是人力；二是某种装置所产生的力。
能产生力的装置称为夹具的动力装置。
常用的动力装置有：气动装置、液压装置、电动装置、电磁装置、气—液联动装置和真空装置等。
由于手动夹具的夹紧力来自人力，所以它没有动力装置。
2 ．夹紧部分接受和传递原始作用力使之变为夹紧力并执行夹紧任务的部分，一般由下列机构组成：1 ）接受原始作用力的机构。
如手柄、螺母及用来连接气缸活塞杆的机构等。
2）中间递力机构。
如铰链、杠杆等。
3 ）夹紧元件。
如各种螺钉压板等。
其中中间递力机构在传递原始作用力至夹紧元件的过程中可以起到诸如改变作用力的方向、改变作用力的大小以及自锁等作用。
二、夹紧装置的基本要求在不破坏工件定位精度，并保证加工质量的前提下，应尽量使夹紧装置做到：1．夹紧力的大小适当。
既要保证工件在整个加工过程中其位置稳定不变、振动小，又要使工件不产生过大的夹紧变形。
2 ．工艺性好。
夹紧装置的复杂程度应与生产纲领相适应，在保证生产效率的前提下，其结构应力求简单，便于制造和维修。
3 ．使用性好。
夹紧装置的操作应当方便、安全、省力。
三、基本夹紧机构原始作用力转化为夹紧力是通过夹紧机构来实现的。
在众多的夹紧机构中以斜楔、螺旋、偏心以及由它们组合而成的夹紧机构应用最为普遍。
（一）紧机构 采用斜传力元紧元紧机斜楔 机构。
直接采用，斜楔条件是：斜楔的升角小于斜楔与工 件、斜 具的摩擦角之和。
外文翻译变速器箱体机械加工工艺及夹具设计
接受和传递原始作用力使之变为夹紧力并执行夹紧任务的部分，一般由下 列机构组成：
1）接受原始作用力的机构。如手柄、螺母及用来连接气缸活塞杆的机构 等。
2）中间递力机构。如铰链、杠杆等。
3）夹紧元件。如各种螺钉压板等。
其中中间递力机构在传递原始作用力至夹紧元件的过程中可以起到诸如改变
1
作用力的方向、改变作用力的大小以及自锁等作用。
一、夹紧装置的组成
夹紧装置的种类很多，但其结构均由两部分组成。
1． 动力装置
夹紧力的来源，一是人力；二是某种装置所产生的力。能产生力的装置称 为夹具的动力装置。常用的动力装置有：气动装置、液压装置、电动装置、 电磁装置、气—液联动装置和真空装置等。由于手动夹具的夹紧力来自人 力，所以它没有动力装置。
四、定心夹紧机构
3
当工件被加工面以中心要素（轴线、中心平面等）为工序基准时，为使基 准重合以减少定位误差，需采用定心夹紧机构。
定心夹紧机构具有定心和夹紧两种功能，如卧式车床的三爪自定心卡盘即 为最常用的典型实例。
定心夹紧机构按其定心作用原理有两种类型，一种是依靠传动机构使定心 夹紧元件等速移动，从而实现定心夹紧，如螺旋式、杠杆式、楔式机构等；另一 种是利用薄壁弹性元件受力后产生均匀的弹性变形（收缩或扩张） ，来实现定 心夹紧，如弹簧筒夹、膜片卡盘、波纹套、液性塑料等。
Precision Machining Technology
Peter J. Hoffman
译 名 彼得·J·霍夫 国 籍 曼
Cengage Learning
美国
译文：
精密机械加工工艺
在机械加工过程中，工件受到切削力、离心力、惯性力等作用，为了保证在 这些外力作用下，工件仍能在夹具中保持已由定位元件确定的加工位置，而不致 发生振动或位移、夹具结构中应设置夹紧装置将工件可靠夹牢。
传动轴凸缘叉加工工艺及夹具设计_学士学位论文
传动轴凸缘叉加工工艺及夹具设计摘要传动轴是汽车传动系统中的重要部件，凸缘叉又是连接变速器和驱动桥的主要零件也是承受高速传动的零件。
其结构和加工工艺直接影响零件的性能，进而影响整车动力传递的效果，其结构相对简单，但是加工工艺复杂。
本文通过搜集资料了解传动轴凸缘叉结构特点，并对凸缘叉进行了参数分析以及加工的技术要求分析，并通过其在传动系统中的作用选取适当的材料并确定其工艺流程。
绘制工艺卡片，并查找资料分析相对应的加工机床以及所需要的刀具，明确每一步的加工余量，完成工序的编制过程。
在确定工艺过程的前提下，根据传动轴凸缘叉的结构特点进行对应夹具的设计，根据零件图及加工端面设计其夹紧机构和定位元件、一起其他辅助零件及联合整体的零件，确定夹具机构方案，并明确如何拆装加工工件可以提高总体的效率问题。
选取加工粗糙度，设计钻孔和铣端面的夹具装置以及钻孔夹具夹紧力的计算和夹具精度的的校核。
希望制造出精度更高的凸缘叉，使传动轴更好的运行，提高功率，减少资源浪费，改善工人的劳动条件，降低生产成本以及扩大机床的工艺范围。
关键词凸缘叉；工艺流程；加工工艺；夹具设计Processing Technology and Design of the Jig of theFlange Yoke for ShaftAbstractDrive shaft is an important part in automobile transmission system, the flange yoke is connected to the transmission and drive axle of the main parts and it is under high speed driving . The structure and the processing technology impact on the performance of parts directly, in turn, influencing the effect of the vehicle power transmission, its structure is relatively simple, but complicated processing technology.Based on the collected data to understand the shaft flange fork structure characteristics, and the flange fork parameter analysis and processing technical requirements analysis, and through its role in the transmission system to select the appropriate materials and its technological process were determined. Card drawing process, and find the corresponding machine tool to analyze the data and tools needed to clear every step of the machining allowance, and complete the process of the compilation process. In determining the processes under the premise of according to the structural characteristics of the drive shaft flange fork corresponding fixture design, according to the detail drawing and processing end design of the fastening device and positioning device, other auxiliary parts together and united as a whole parts, jig institutions scheme is determined, and define how to tear open outfit machining can improve the efficiency of the overall problem. Selecting machining roughness, end of the design of drilling and milling fixture device and drilling clamp clamping force calculation and the precision of the check.That hopes to make the precision higher flange fork, make the shaftrunning better, improve power and reduce waste of resources, improve the working conditions of workers, reduce production costs and expanding process of machine tool.Keywords Flange yoke; The process; Processing technology; The design of jig目录摘要 (I)Abstract ................................................................................................................ I I 第1章绪论 (1)1.1 论文研究背景 (1)1.2 论文研究的目的和意义 (2)1.3国内外研究现状 (2)1.4研究内容 (3)第2章凸缘叉结构分析 (5)2.1凸缘叉的结构特点及功用分析 (5)2.2凸缘叉结构分析 (6)2.3凸缘叉的主要技术要求 (7)2.4凸缘叉的工艺分析 (7)2.5本章小结 (8)第3章传动轴凸缘叉的加工工艺 (10)3.1概述 (10)3.2 确定毛坯的制造形式 (10)3.3基面的选择 (10)3.4加工工序安排 (12)3.5制定工艺过程 (12)3.6工艺过程方案论证 (12)3.7机械加工余量的确定 (14)3.8保证加工精度的方法 (15)3.9本章小结 (17)第4章凸缘叉夹具设计 (18)4.1论述 (18)4.2夹具设计中应注意的问题 (19)4.3专用夹具设计与原则............................................. 错误！未定义书签。
外文翻译--传动轴凸缘叉夹具的设计
外文翻译--传动轴凸缘叉夹具的设计黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计附录Fork Shaft Lugs fixture designShell group processing according to the results of the machine andthe group chosen type design group clamps, group clamps Realize that the group process, favorable to reasonable design, if no group clamps or design group clamps, convenient adjustment group processing can realize smoothly.The machine tool's fixture priority is to ensure machining accuracy, especially that of the machining process and positioning surface and processed surface between the position precision. After using thisfixture mainly rely on precision tools and fixtures to ensure no longer rely on workers, the technical level. Second is to improve labor productivity, reduce cost, use fixture after is crossed, can reduce the auxiliary time, and easy to implement and multistage process. In modern times, is widely used in the machine tool's fixture etc mobile pneumatic, hydraulic clamping device, can make the assistant time do step.In the group technology group clamps are under the guidance of the principle, process and design for the implementation of the group, and special fixture Compared with the design group clamps, not for a certain parts of a process, but a group of some parts, Which group clamps to adapt to all parts of the group parts in a process of processing.Design of the key and difficult.When the workpiece in machine processing, the first to make workpiece in machine or a fixture in the correct position, it is the location, to prevent the process of cutting force or other forces destroyed the correct position, still must be fastened clamping workpiece, this is the clamping workpiece position and clamping workpiece installation process is called. Due to the workpiece position and orientation error, error called for clamping deformation and the error is called clamping error. Positioning error and clamping workpiece installation error named error.Because of this all parts for 21 kinds of workpieces, so the scheme is key to determine the fixture clamping deformation control at will The smallest. While clamping deformation control cannot rely on operators to realize in the past shell parts and machining by small and reliable clamping force to reduce clamping deformation, this will inevitably produce adverse product. In the introduction of domestic product technology at the same time, don't notice the processing technology, especially the shell parts, production batch processing, different, use equipment that needs are different, clamping orientated in the introduction,1黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计digestion and absorption and must therefore in the design process, according to the actual needs of clamping positioning in blank, add uniform positioning and clamping point.The selection principle of orientated may not deviate from the principle of localization, but at the time must note in the selection, I truly, Planar 3 point must form a stable support, namely the gravity of the triangle, near the workpiece center turn against restrictions freedom 2 some farther, the more accurate positioning.In parts of the shell, the key process is first step - graphic processing. According to the production batch and parts The structureand the precision, some parts processing, some parts of planar alone on a plane and hole machining process. Graphic processing quality directly cause the whole process, the success or failure. Surface processing, mainly is bad, the flatness of the flatness of the next procedure of processing produce larger clamping deformation, clamping, precisionparts in tolerance, loosen, clamping displacementrestoring, precision parts will change, and with regularity. Surface processing by fixture causes adverse has two main: 1, the location selection is not reasonable, 2, clamping point is not reasonable. Therefore, the shell parts processing, surface of fixture design becomes important.In the traditional processing, for milling machining processes,plane commonly, add a few auxiliary support to prevent due to the distortion caused by cutting force influence, because high-speed cuttingmachining precision cutting force, so, no need additional support commonly.In the face of processing, must consider the process of flexibility, can use the car is not to milling machining. In clamping point, on the choice of pay attention to the following problems:1. By 3 strong point to form a support to support workpiece surface, can avoid blank piece of planar degree due to the deviation caused the machined surface flatness, and supporting and clamping point should avoid a moment, and led up distortion. Because of clamping workpiece elastic deformation, loosen the clamping after springback, can cause planar degree, it is super flatness of the main reason.2. The best point and clamping point is the sphere, ensure all, otherwise, it will point is because the plane deformation caused by torsion blank clamping deformation. The deformation will also cause planar degree.3. When the workpiece surface cannot clamping, can use flank clamping, if clamping parts is deduced.and, must increase in the block, to avoid clamping deformation. The clamping way, had better not use or using other techniques, or request processing plane designers in clamping point increase in design.4. Because of the high-speed machining cutting force and deformation of more than 30% reduction processing, generally recommend that don't add additional support can guarantee machining accuracy.5. 2 limit rotational degree of freedom, the distance as far as possible, orientated if blank has note hole, 2 (note hole taper pin location using elastic is the most simple positioning scheme.2黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计In the design of the group clamps, considering the problems at the same time, we also need to consider many parts adopt a fixture, and replacing time processing varieties in a short time to finish. So the fixture design must consider quick change. This fixture is typical ofsix principles of fixture, positioning clamping adopt pneumatic clamping screw. This fixture locating adopts point positioning forms, interface, nearly may also used clamping point, ensure orientated and clamping point in the same line, this fixture milling face results in the plane degrees below, the precision of 0.02 from the Angle of subsequent processing position from the Angle of use or can be very well meet the requirements.In addition, in parts processing process, for a process, whether to use fixture, use what type of clip What class, and the use of fixture in jig design must be carefully considered before. Besides the machining quality assurance from view, should also do economic analysis to ensure that the design of fixture in the economy.传动轴凸缘叉夹具的设计凸缘叉成组加工要根据分组结果及选定的机床型号进行成组夹具设计，成组夹具是实现成组加工的有利保证，分组再合理，如果设计不出成组夹具或设计的成组夹具调整不方便，成组加工也不能顺利实现。
毕业设计(论文)-A1091传动轴凸缘叉加工工艺及夹具设计
毕业设计（论文）-A1091传动轴凸缘叉加工工艺及夹具设计黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计第1章绪论1.1 选题背景传动轴凸缘叉是汽车上的重要部件，它是连接变速器和驱动桥的主要零件也是承受高速传动的零件。
其结构和加工工艺直接影响零件的性能，进而影响整车动力传递的效果，其结构相对简单，但是加工工艺复杂，在选材中，了解其加工工艺，并在工艺设计中，合理安排加工工序，设计合理的夹具，对产品的最终质量具有十分重要的意义。
夹具设计一般是在零件的机械加工工艺过程制订之后按照某一工序的具体要求进行的。
制订工艺过程，应充分考虑夹具实现的可能性，而设计夹具时，如确有必要也可以对工艺过程提出修改意见。
夹具的设计质量的高低，应以能否稳定地保证工件的加工质量，生产效率高，成本低，排屑方便，操作安全、省力和制造、维护容易等为其衡量指标。
除根据CA1091汽车的实际工作状态，确定参数，并完成传动轴凸缘的工艺设计外，根据传动轴的工作条件和结构设计中的确定的材料性能，进行该凸缘毛坯和机械加工的工艺路线和加工方法的设计及专用夹具设计。
同时，该设计还培养了我综合运用所学知识，独立完成产品设计的能力，以及分析和解决问题的能力。
1.2 零件的先进制造技术1.2.1先进制造技术凸缘叉是汽车传动轴总成的重要零件，也是承受高速传动的零件。
该零件国内外一般都用钢质模锻件，而CA1091传动轴总成凸缘叉却为铸钢件，为适应市场需要，经过长期设计及生产线的试生产，早就在2吨蒸汽空气模锻锤上成功地锻出合格的凸缘叉钢质模锻件，深受好评。
1.2.2凸缘叉改为钢质模锻件的主要优点1)铸件的内部组织和机械性能是不能与模锻件相提并论的，特别是经过热处理后的模锻件，无论是冲击韧性还是断面收缩率、疲劳强度等机械性能均占优势。
另外金属经过加热、模锻后，夹杂物得到细化，组织致密，沿着外力方向被拉长，形成流线，使锻件的质量提高，使用稳定可靠，寿命长。
凸缘叉零件选用模锻方法生产，其根本优点也就在于此。
汽车传动轴英文辞汇
汽车传动轴英文辞汇球叉 ball yoke球环 ball球头钉 button球头轴 ball head球销式万向节 flexible member assembly三球销万向节 tripod universal joint三销架 spider三柱槽壳 housing十字轴 cross(spider)十字轴总成 cross assembly双柱槽壳 housing榫槽凸块 tongue and groove coupling筒形壳 cylinder outer race凸块叉 fork yoke突缘叉 flange yoke外壳 outer housing万向节 universal joint万向节叉 yoke万向节和传动轴 universal joint and drive shaft 万向节夹角 true joint angle相位角 phase angle星型套 inner race许诺滑动量 slip中心球和座 centering ball and seat钟形壳 outer race轴管叉（焊接叉） tube(weld yoke)柱形滚道星形套 inner race with cylinder ball grooves 准等速万向节 near constant velocity universal joint 自承式万向节 self-supporting universal joint组合式传动轴 unitized drive shaft凹槽凸块 groove coupling维持架 cage传动轴 drive shaft(propeller shaft)传动轴平安圈 drive shaft safety strap传动轴的临界转速 critical speed of drive shaft传动轴管焊接合件 weld drive shaft tube assembly传动轴减振器 drive shaft absorber传动轴特点长度 drive shaft length传动轴系 drive line传动轴谐振噪声 resonant noise of rive shaft传动轴形式 drive shaft type传动轴中间轴承 drive shaft center bearing传动轴总成的平稳 balance of drive shaft assembly单万向节传动轴 single joint coupling shaft等速平面 constant velocity plane等速万向节 constant velocity universal joint定心钢球 centering ball非自承式万各节 non self supporting universal joint花键轴叉 slip shaft yoke滑动叉 slip yoke滑动节，伸缩节 slip joint回转直径 swing diameter可轴向移动的球笼式万向节 plunging constant velocity joint 内壳体 inner housing挠性元件总成 flexible universal joint偏心维持架 non-concentric cage。
6102曲轴工艺及夹具设计外文献英文
6102曲轴工艺及夹具设计外文献英文黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计)Process Planning and Concurrent EngineeringT. Ramayah and Noraini IsmailABSTRACTThe product design is the plan for the product and its components and subassemblies. To convert the product design into a physical entity, a manufacturing plan is needed. The activity of developing such a planis called process planning. It is the link between product design and manufacturing. Process planning involves determining the sequence of processing and assembly steps that must be accomplished to make the product. In the present chapter, we examine processing planning and several related topics.1.Process PlanningProcess planning involves determining the most appropriate manufacturing and assembly processes and the sequence in which they should be accomplished to produce a given part or product according to specifications set forth in the product design documentation. The scope and variety of processes that can be planned are generally limited by the available processing equipment and technological capabilities of the company of plant. Parts that cannot be made internally must be purchased from outside vendors. It should be mentioned that the choice ofprocesses is also limited by the details of the product design. This is a point we will return to later.Process planning is usually accomplished by manufacturing engineers. The process planner must be familiar with the particular manufacturing processes available in the factory and be able to interpret engineering drawings. Base d on the planner’s knowledge, skill, and experience, the processing steps are developed in the most logical sequence to make each part. Following is a list of the many decisions and details usually include within the scope of process planning..Interpretation of design drawings. The part of product design must be analyzed (materials, dimensions, tolerances, surface finished, etc.) at the start of the process planning procedure..Process and sequence. The process planner must select which processes are required and their sequence. A brief description of processing steps must be prepared..Equipment selection. In general, process planners must developplans that utilize existing equipment in the plant. Otherwise, the component must be purchased, or an investment must be made in new equipment.- 1 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计).Tools, dies, molds, fixtures, and gages. The process must decide what tooling is required for each processing step. The actual design and fabrication of these tools is usually delegated to a tool designdepartment and tool room, or an outside vendor specializing in that type of tool is contacted..Methods analysis. Workplace layout, small tools, hoists for lifting heavy parts, even in some cases hand and body motions must be specified for manual operations. The industrial engineering department is usually responsible for this area..Work standards. Work measurement techniques are used to set time s .Cutting tools and cutting conditions. These must be specified for machining operations, often with reference to standard handbook recommendations.2.Process planning for partsFor individual parts, the processing sequence is documented on aform called a route sheet. Just as engineering drawings are used to specify the product design, route sheets are used to specify the process plan. They are counterparts, one for product design, the other for manufacturing.A typical processing sequence to fabricate an individual part consists of: (1) a basic process, (2) secondary processes, (3) operations to enhance physical properties, and (4) finishing operations.A basic process determines the starting geometry of the work parts. Metal casting, plastic molding, and rolling of sheet metal are examples of basic processes. The starting geometry must often be refined by secondary processes, operations that transform the starting geometry (or close to final geometry). The secondary geometry processes that might beused are closely correlated to the basic process that provides the starting geometry. When sand casting is the basic processes, machining operations are generally the second processes. When a rolling mill produces sheet metal, stamping operations such as punching and bending are the secondary processes. When plastic injection molding is the basic process, secondary operations are often unnecessary, because most of the geometric features that would otherwise require machining can be created by the molding operation. Plastic molding and other operation that require no subsequent secondary processing are called net shape processes. Operations that require some but not much secondary processing (usually machining) are referred to as near net shape processes. Some impression die forgings are in this category. These parts can often be shaped in the forging operation (basic processes) so that minimal machining (secondary processing) is required.Once the geometry has been established, the next step for some parts is to improve their mechanical and physical properties. Operations to enhance properties do not alter the geometry of the part; instead, they alter physical properties. Heat treating operations on metal parts are the most common examples. Similar heating treatments are performed on glass to produce tempered glass. For- 2 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计)most manufactured parts, these property-enhancing operations are not required in the processing sequence.Finally finish operations usually provide a coat on the work parts (or assembly) surface. Examples included electroplating, thin film deposition techniques, and painting. The purpose of the coating is to enhance appearance, change color, or protect the surface from corrosion, abrasion, and so forth. Finishing operations are not required on many parts; for example, plastic molding rarely require finishing. When finishing is required, it is usually the final step in the processing sequen 3.Processing Planning for AssembliesThe type of assembly method used for a given product depends onfactors such as: (1) the anticipated production quantities; (2) complexity of the assembled product, for example, the number of distinct components; and (3) assembly processes used, for example, mechanical assembly versus welding. For a product that is to be made in relatively small quantities, assembly is usually performed on manual assembly lines. For simple products of a dozen or so components, to be made in large quantities, automated assembly systems are appropriate. In any case, there is a precedence order in which the work must be accomplished. The precedence requirements are sometimes portrayed graphically on a precedence diagram.Process planning for assembly involves development of assembly instructions, but in more detail .For low production quantities, the entire assembly is completed at a single station. For high production on an assembly line, process planning consists of allocating work elements to the individual stations of the line, a procedure called linebalancing. The assembly line routes the work unit to individual stations in the proper order as determined by the line balance solution. As in process planning for individual components, any tools and fixtures required to accomplish an assembly task must be determined, designed, built, and the workstation arrangement must be laid out. 4.Make or Buy DecisionAn important question that arises in process planning is whether a given part should be produced in the company’s own factory or purchased from an outside vendor, and the answer to this question is known as the make or buy decision. If the company does not possess the technological equipment or expertise in the particular manufacturing processesrequired to make the part, then the answer is obvious: The part must be purchased because there is no internal alternative. However, in many cases, the part could either be made internally using existing equipment, or it could be purchased externally from a vendor that process similar manufacturing capability.- 3 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计)In our discussion of the make or buy decision, it should be recognized at the outset that nearly all manufactures buy their raw materials from supplies. A machine shop purchases its starting bar stock from a metals distributor and its sand castings from a foundry. Aplastic molding plant buys its molding compound from a chemical company.A stamping press factory purchases sheet metal either fro a distributoror direct from a rolling mill. Very few companies are vertically integrated in their production operations all the way from raw materials, it seems reasonable to consider purchasing at least some of the partsthat would otherwise be produced in its own plant. It is probably appropriate to ask the make or buy question for every component that is used by the company.There are a number of factors that enter into the make or buy decision. One would think that cost is the most important factor in determining whether to produce the partor purchase it. If an outside vendor is more proficient than the company’s own plant in the manufacturing processes used to make the part, then the internal production cost is likely to be greater than the purchase price even after the vendor has included a profit. However, if the decision to purchase results in idle equipment and labor in the company’s own plant, then the apparent advantage of purchasing the p art may be lost. Consider the following example make or Buy Decision.The quoted price for a certain part is $20.00 per unit for 100 units. The part can be produced in the company’s own plant for $28.00. The components of making the part are as follows:Unit raw material cost = $8.00 per unitDirect labor cost =6.00 per unitLabor overhead at 150%=9.00 per unitEquipment fixed cost =5.00 per unitTotal =28.00 per unitShould the component by bought or made in-house?Solution: Although the vendor’s q uote seems to favor a buy decision, let us consider the possible impact on plant operations if the quote is accepted. Equipment fixed cost of $5.00 is an allocated cost based on investment that was already made. If the equipment designed for this job becomes unutilized because of a decision to purchase the part, then the fixed cost continues even if the equipment stands idle. In the same way, the labor overhead cost of $9.00 consists of factory space, utility, and labor costs that remain even if the part is purchased. By this reasoning, a buy decision is not a good decision because it might be cost the company as much as $20.00+$5.0+$9.00=$34.00 per- 4 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计)unit if it results in idle time on the machine that would have been used to produce the part. On the other hand, if the equipment inquestion can be used for the production of other parts for which the in-house costs are less than the corresponding outside quotes, then a buy decision is a good decision.Make or buy decision are not often as straightforward as in this example. A trend in recent years, especially in the automobile industry, is for companies to stress the importance of building closerelationships with parts suppliers. We turn to this issue in our later discussion of concurrent engineering.5. Computer-aided Process PlanningThere is much interest by manufacturing firms in automating the task of process planning using computer-aided process planning (CAPP) systems. The shop-trained people who are familiar with the details of machining and other processes are gradually retiring, and these people will be available in the future to do process planning. An alternative way of accomplishing this function is needed, and CAPP systems are providingthis alternative. CAPP is usually considered to be part of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). However, this tends to imply that CAM is a stand-along system. In fact, a synergy results when CAM is combined with computer-aided design to create a CAD/CAM system. In such a system, CAPP becomes the direct connection between design and manufacturing. The benefits derived from computer-automated process planning include the following:.Process rationalization and standardization. Automated process planning leads to more logical and consistent process plans than when process is done completely manually. Standard plans tend to result in lower manufacturing costs and higher product quality..Increased productivity of process planner. The systematic approach and the availability of standard process plans in the data files permit more work to be accomplished by the process planners..Reduced lead time for process planning. Process planner workingwith a CAPP system can provide route sheets in a shorter lead time compared to manual preparation..Improved legibility. Computer-prepared rout sheets are neater and easier to read than manually prepared route sheets..Incorporation of other application programs. The CAPP program canbe interfaced with other application programs, such as cost estimating and work standards.6. Concurrent Engineering and Design for Manufacturing- 5 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计)Concurrent engineering refers to an approach used in product development in which the functions of design engineering, manufacturing engineering, and other functions are integrated to reduce the elapsed time required to bring a new product to market. Also called simultaneous engineering, it might be thought of as the organizational counterpart to CAD/CAM technology. In the traditional approach to launching a new product, the two functions of design engineering and manufacturing engineering tend to be separated and sequential, as illustrated inFig.(1).(a).The product design department develops the new design, sometimes without much consideration given to the manufacturing capabilities of the company, There is little opportunity for manufacturing engineers to offer advice on how the design might be alerted to make it more manufacturability. It isas if a wall exits between design and manufacturing. When the design engineering department completes the design, it tosses the drawings and specifications over the wall, and only then does process planning begin.- 6 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计)Fig.(1). Comparison: (a) traditional product development cycle and (b) product development using concurrent engineeringBy contrast, in a company that practices concurrent engineering, the manufacturing engineering department becomes involved in the product development cycle early on, providing advice on how the product and its components can be designed to facilitate manufacture and assembly. It also proceeds with early stages of manufacturing planning for the product. This concurrent engineering approach is pictured in Fig.(1).(b).In addition to manufacturing engineering, other function are also involved in the product development cycle, such as quality engineering, the manufacturing departments, field service, vendors supplying critical components, and in some cases the customer who will use the product. All if these functions can make contributions during product development to improve not only the new product’s function and performance, but also its produceability, inspectability, testability, serviceability, and maintainability. Through early involvement, as opposed- 7 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计)to reviewing the final product design after it is too late to conveniently make any changes in the design, the duration of the product development cycle is substantially reduced.Concurrent engineering includes several elements: (1) design for several manufacturing and assembly, (2) design for quality, (3) design for cost, and (4) design for life cycle. In addition, certain enabling technologies such as rapid prototyping, virtual prototyping, and organizational changes are required to facilitate the concurrent engineering approach in a company.7. Design for Manufacturing and AssemblyIt has been estimated that about 70% of the life cycle cost of a product is determined by basic decisions made during product design. These design decisions include the material of each part, part geometry, tolerances, surface finish, how parts are organized into subassemblies,and the assembly methods to be used. Once these decisions are made, the ability to reduce the manufacturing cost of the product is limited. For example, if the product designer decides that apart is to be made of an aluminum sand casting but which processes features that can be achieved only by machining(such as threaded holes and close tolerances), the manufacturing engineer has no alternative expect to plan a process sequence that starts with sand casting followed by the sequence of machining operations needed to achieve the specified features .In this example, a better decision might be to use a plastic molded part that can be made in a single step. It is important for the manufacturing engineer to be given the opportunity to advice the design engineer as the product design is evolving, to favorably influence the manufacturability of the product.Term used to describe such attempts to favorably influence the manufacturability of a new product are design for manufacturing (DFM) and design for assembly(DFA). Of course, DFM and DFA are inextricably linked, so let us use the term design for manufacturing and assembly (DFM/A). Design for manufacturing and assembly involves the systematic consideration of manufacturability and assimilability in the development of a new product design. This includes: (1) organizational changes and (2) design principle and guidelines..Organizational Changes in DFM/A. Effective implementation of DFM/A involves making changes in a company’s organization structure, either formally or informally, so that closer interaction and bettercommunication occurs between design and manufacturing personnel. This can be accomplished in several ways: (1)by creating project teams consisting of product designers, manufacturing engineers, and other specialties (e.g. quality engineers, material scientists) to develop the new product design; (2) by requiring design engineers to spend some career time in manufacturing to witness first-hand how manufacturability and assembility are impacted by a product’s design; and (3)by assigning manufacturing engineers to the product design department on either a temporary or full-time basis to serve as reducibility consultants.- 8 -黑龙江八一农垦大学毕业论文(设计).Design Principles and Guidelines. DFM/A also relies on the use of design principles and guidelines for how to design a given product to maximize manucturability and assembility. Some of these are universal design guidelines that can be applied to nearly any product design situation. There are design principles that apply to specific processes, and for example, the use of drafts or tapers in casted and molded parts to facilitate removal of the part from the mold. We leave these more process-specific guidelines to texts on manufacturing processes.The guidelines sometimes conflict with one another. One of the guidelines is to “simplify part geometry, avoid unnecessary features”. But another guidelin e in the same table states that “special geometric features must sometimes be added to components” to design the product for foolproofassembly. And it may also be desirable to combine features ofseveral assembled parts into one component to minimize the number of parts in the product. In these instances, design for part manufacture is in conflict with design for assembly, and a suitable compromise must be found between the opposing sides of the conflict.- 9 -。
传动轴凸缘叉(A10B解放牌汽车)夹具设计【钻4χφ16孔】
目录序言 (2)第一节专用夹具设计的基本要求 (2)第二节专用夹具设计的规范化程序 (3)第三节零件分析 (9)3.1零件结构功用分析 (10)3.2零件图纸分析 (10)3.3主要技术条件 (10)第四节钻4χφ16孔夹具设计 (10)第五节设计体会 (13)参考资料 (15)序言:夹具设计一般是在零件的机械加工工艺过程制订之后按照某一工序的具体要求进行的。
制订工艺过程，应充分考虑夹具实现的可能性，而设计夹具时，如确有必要也可以对工艺过程提出修改意见。
夹具的设计质量的高低，应以能否稳定地保证工件的加工质量，生产效率高，成本低，排屑方便，操作安全、省力和制造、维护容易等为其衡量指标。
第一节专用夹具设计的基本要求一个优良的机床夹具必须满足下列基本要求：（1）保证工件的加工精度保证加工精度的关键，首先在于正确地选定定位基准、定位方法和定位元件，必要时还需进行定位误差分析，还要注意夹具中其他零部件的结构对加工精度的影响，确保夹具能满足工件的加工精度要求。
（2）提高生产效率专用夹具的复杂程度应与生产纲领相适应，应尽量采用各种快速高效的装夹机构，保证操作方便，缩短辅助时间，提高生产效率。
（3）工艺性能好专用夹具的结构应力求简单、合理，便于制造、装配、调整、检验、维修等。
专用夹具的制造属于单件生产，当最终精度由调整或修配保证时，夹具上应设置调整和修配结构。
（4）使用性能好专用夹具的操作应简便、省力、安全可靠。
在客观条件允许且又经济适用的前提下，应尽可能采用气动、液压等机械化夹紧装置，以减轻操作者的劳动强度。
专用夹具还应排屑方便。
必要时可设置排屑结构，防止切屑破坏工件的定位和损坏刀具，防止切屑的积聚带来大量的热量而引起工艺系统变形。
（5）经济性好专用夹具应尽可能采用标准元件和标准结构，力求结构简单、制造容易，以降低夹具的制造成本。
因此，设计时应根据生产纲领对夹具方案进行必要的技术经济分析，以提高夹具在生产中的经济效益。
基于solidworks机床夹具设计外文翻译
2604130359CNC Cutting Technology ReviewNumerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology.1, high-speed CNC machining meaningHigh speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency.With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas.The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting.In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is acan obtain good economic benefits and high speed, is the unity of technology and benefit.High-speed cutting technology is in the machine tool structure and materials, machine tool design, manufacturing technology, high-speed spindle system, high performance and fast feeding system, a high performance CNC system, tool holder system, high performance tool material and tool design and manufacturing technology, high efficiency and high precision measurement and testing technology, the mechanism of high speed cutting, high speed cutting process and other related hardware and software technology are fully integrated into the development foundation. Therefore, high speed cutting technology is a complex system engineering, is a with the related technology development and the development of the concept of.2, the superiority of high-speed CNC machiningDue to the large amplitude of the increase of the cutting speed, high speed machining technology not only improves the cutting productivity, and compared with the conventional cutting also has some obvious advantages: first, small cutting force: in high speed milling, cutting adopts the form of small quantities, high cutting speed, the cutting force is reduced by 30% compared to the conventional cutting, especially the radial cutting force greatly spindle bearing, tool, workpiece is reduced. Both to reduce tool wear, and effective control of the vibration machining system, improve the machining accuracy. Second, the material removal rate is high: the use of high speed cutting, cutting speed and feed rate are improved greatly, the same time the material removal rate is improved greatly. Thus greatly improve the processing efficiency. Third, thermal deformation small: in the high-speed cutting, cutting heat, most of the time to the work piece by the outflow of high-speed chip away, so the heating time of the machined surface is short, not because of the temperature rise leads to thermal deformation, is helpful to improve the surface accuracy, physical and mechanical properties of the machined surface processing method is better than the common. Fourth, high precision machining: high speed cutting usually feed is relatively small, so that the machined surface roughness is greatly reduced, at the same time as the cutting force is smaller than the conventional vibration cutting, machining system is reduced, the machining process more smoothly, so that good quality, can realize high accuracy, low degree of rough machining. Fifth, the green environmental protection: when high speed cutting, workpiece machining time is shortened, the use of energy and equipment rate, high processing efficiency, low processing energy consumption, at the same time, due to the high speed cutting can be achieved even without dry cutting, reduce the cutting fluid, reduce pollution and consumption.Research and application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, 3In view of the above characteristics of high speed machining, the technology has great application potential in the field of traditional processing weak. First of all, the workpiece for thin-wall parts and slender, uses the high-speed cutting, the cutting force is significantly reduced, the heat is chipping away, can be very good for using the traditional method of the deformation problem caused due to the influence of cutting force and cutting heat, greatly improving the processingquality. Secondly, because of the cutting resistance is small, to reduce tool wear, materials of high manganese steel, hardened steel, austenitic stainless steel, composite materials, wear-resistant cast iron is difficult to be processed by traditional methods, can be studied using numerical control high speed cutting technology to process. In addition, in the automotive, aerospace, mold, manufacturing field, some integral components require relatively large material removal rate, the feed speed CNC high speed cutting with the cutting speed increase and the corresponding increase in unit time, so that the material removal rate is greatly improved, thus in the mold manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, aerospace manufacturing application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, will produce the enormous economic benefits. Fourth, because of the high-speed cutting, machining process is stable, the vibration is small, compared with the conventional cutting, high speed cutting can significantly improve the precision of 1~2, can be cancelled completely finishing, and subsequent, adopt numerical control high speed cutting technology, can achieve and rough, finishing on the overall structure of complex parts in a machine, reduces the likelihood of locating error transfer process, which is also conducive to improve the machining accuracy. Therefore, high speed cutting technology has a wide application prospect in precision manufacturing. Aluminium mould such as a business process, the mold cavity length is 1500mm, the required size error of ±0.05mm, surface roughness Ra0.8 μm, manufacturing process the original: rough planing - semi finish planing - finishing - Manual scraping - manual polishing, manufacturing cycle is 60 hours. Using high speed milling, after semi-finish machining and finish machining, the processing cycle is only 6 hours, not only improve efficiency, but also greatly improve the quality of mold.4, research on Key Technologies of high-speed CNC machiningNC High-speed machining is a complex systems engineering, involves cutting mechanism, cutting machine, cutter, cutting process monitoring and processing technology and other related hardware and software technology, implementation and development of numerical control high speed cutting technology, rely on this system of various elements, the key technology to realize high-speed CNC cutting technology cannot do without, specifically in the following aspects:1) the mechanism of high speed cutting: the various materials in high speed machining conditions, the chip formation mechanism, variation of cutting force, cutting heat, tool wear patterns and effects on the surface quality, the basic theory above experiments and research, will be conducive to promoting the high-speed cutting process for determining and cutting the amount of choice, and provide a theoretical basis for the processing of specific parts and material formulation, which belongs to the technical principle. At present, to determine the process specification of high speed cutting and cutting ferrous metals and difficult to machine materials, is one of the difficulties in the production of high-speed cutting, and is also the focus of research in the field of high speed machining.2) technology of high speed cutting machine tool module: high-speed cutting machine needshigh-speed spindle system, feeding system and high-speed CNC control system. Able to work in very high speed under the high-speed processing requirements of spindle unit, the above general spindle speed 10000 r\/min, some even as high as 60000-100000r\/min, and to ensure good dynamic and thermal properties. The key part is the main shaft bearing, it decides the life of high-speed spindle and load capacity, one of the core components and high-speed cutting machine tool spindle structure, improvement and performance improvement is one of the most important technology of high-speed machine tools. Another important element of the technology is high speed feed system. With the development of machine tool spindle speed increasing, in order to ensure each cutter teeth or feeding amount per rotation invariant, machine tool feed speed and acceleration is also a corresponding increase, the same time to improve travel speed. Therefore, machine tool feed system must move quickly and fast and accurate positioning, which is obviously on the machine tool guide, servo system, working table, put forward new and higher requirements, is the key technology of high-speed machine tool technology control unit.3) the high speed cutting tool technology module: high-speed machining process system composed of machine tools, tool and workpiece, tool is the most active factor. The cutting tool is one of the key technology to ensure high speed cutting smoothly. With the substantial increase of cutting velocity, have put forward different from traditional speed cutting requirements of cutting tool materials, geometric parameters of cutting tool, cutter body structure, high speed cutting tool material and tool manufacturing technology has undergone tremendous changes, high-speed machining, to ensure productivity and high machining precision, but also to to ensure safety and reliability. Therefore, high speed cutting tool system must meet with a clamp repeat positioning accuracy of geometric accuracy good and high loading, clamping rigidity, good high speed when the equilibrium state and safe and reliable. As far as possible to reduce the knife body quality, in order to reduce the high speed rotating centrifugal force by security, meet the requirement for high speed cutting tool, clamping method improvement. Technology research and development tool system is one of the key tasks of high-speed CNC machining.4) numerical control high speed cutting process: high speed cutting as a new cutting method, to be applied to actual production, the lack of application examples for reference, not the amount of cutting and processing parameter database, parameter optimization technology of high speed machining is one of the key technologies of the current constraints should be used. In addition, the high-speed cutting parts NC program must ensure stable load in the whole cutting process, but most CNC software is now used in the automatic programming function still cannot meet the requirements, needs to be added and optimized by manual programming, which reduces the high speed cutting value in a certain extent, must study a new programming method, so that the cutting data power characteristic curve for high speed spindle, give full play to the advantages of numerical control high speed cutting.Development and comprehensive development and application of high speed machiningtechnology depends on the key technology of the above principles, machine tool, cutting tool, the process of the.Research status and development trend of high speed cutting technology, 5Due to the high speed cutting has great potential in improving production efficiency, has already become important technologies in the field of competing for the United States and Japan, Germany and other countries. The United States Japan as early as the 60 century, started to study on the mechanism of high speed cutting. The last century 70's, the United States has developed high-speed milling machine maximum speed of up to 20000r\/min. Now, Europe and the United States and other developed countries the production of different specifications of the various high-speed machine tool has the commercial production and into the market, the actual application in aircraft, automotive and mold manufacturing industry. For example, manufacturing enterprises in the American Boeing aircraft, has adopted the high-speed CNC machining technology to machining integral super high-speed milling of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy thin-walled structure and the waveguide, flexible gyroscope frame of the ordinary method of parts. In recent years, the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries of the new generation of NC machine tools, high-speed machining center, high speed tool system and industrialization process further speed up the pace, the specialized production electric spindle technology and high performance products increase; tool system technology of high performance rapid development; application of linear motor in high speed feed system.Our country in the research and development of high speed cutting technology, many universities and research efforts and exploration, including cutting mechanism, cutting tool material, spindle bearing, etc., have also made considerable achievements. However, compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, basically still in the research stage of laboratory. In order to meet the needs of economic and social development, to meet the needs of aerospace, automobile, mold and other industry, NC Application Research of high-speed cutting technology has a long way to go.At present, the research of high-speed cutting technology has been to the application stage from the stage of experiment. Research in the application of includes two aspects: one is the basic theoretical research on the key technology of high speed machining, including high speed spindle unit and a high speed feed unit, realizing the localization of high-speed machine tool. On the other hand, based on existing laboratory practice technology, application of process performance and process scope. Among them, research on the high speed cutting process is one of the most active research areas at present, the main goal is to directly process through advanced equipment testing or import, processing technology to resolve the issue of key parts, the development and perfection of the high-speed cutting method of special materials; research and development to adapt to the CAD\/CAM software system in high speed machining and post processing system, the processing state safety monitoring system based on a new detection technology.When we entered the twenty-first Century, from the observation of the world, we are in the advanced manufacturing technology unprecedented rapid development period. Due to the advent of CNC machine tool (NC), the development of a series of CNC machining, such as machining center (MC), flexible manufacturing unit of flexible manufacturing system (FMS), computer integrated manufacturing system, and even the emergence of virtual axis machine tool is completely different with the traditional machine (also known as the six legs machine), closely and machine tool at the same time complement each other up the development of high speed machining technology, new tools, new technology, make the mechanical processing greatly reduces the labor intensity, auxiliary time is greatly shortened, the product quality and the production efficiency is improved greatly, become the development of manufacturing industry and the global economy has played a tremendous role in promoting. In the case of the United States, the manufacturing industry is known as the most economic sectors in the United States, for the United States in the 90's gross domestic product (GDP) growth reached 29%.Today, vigorously develop the NC technology and equipment, has become the strategic decision of the governments in the world, with CNC equipped modern industry and transformation of traditional industries have become the developing direction of manufacturing countries in the world. In the late 90's as the output of CNC machine tools of Germany, Japan, Italy, the rate has reached more than 51.75%. CNC machine tools has become the main equipment in modern manufacturing technology, NC machining technology has become the mainstream of the advanced manufacturing technology, a new era of the modern manufacturing industry. The party's sixteen big clearly pointed out: "to revitalize the equipment manufacturing industry". New China's equipment manufacturing industry after many generations, especially the 20 years of reform and opening up and modernization construction, has established a relatively complete, independent industrial system, has the certain material and technical basis, the overall production scale has been ranked the fourth in the world. Many economists predict, in数控切削技术综述数控高速切削技术(High Speed Machining,HSM,或High Speed Cutting,HSC),是提高加工效率和加工质量的先进制造技术之一,相关技术的研究已成为国内外先进制造技术领域重要的研究方向。
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附录Fork Shaft Lugs fixture designShell group processing according to the results of the machine and the group chosen type design group clamps, group clamps Realize that the group process, favorable to reasonable design, if no group clamps or design group clamps, convenient adjustment group processing can realize smoothly.The machine tool's fixture priority is to ensure machining accuracy, especially that of the machining process and positioning surface and processed surface between the position precision. After using this fixture mainly rely on precision tools and fixtures to ensure no longer rely on workers, the technical level. Second is to improve labor productivity, reduce cost, use fixture after is crossed, can reduce the auxiliary time, and easy to implement and multistage process. In modern times, is widely used in the machine tool's fixture etc mobile pneumatic, hydraulic clamping device, can make the assistant time do step.In the group technology group clamps are under the guidance of the principle, process and design for the implementation of the group, and special fixture Compared with the design group clamps, not for a certain parts of a process, but a group of some parts, Which group clamps to adapt to all parts of the group parts in a process of processing.Design of the key and difficult.When the workpiece in machine processing, the first to make workpiece in machine or a fixture in the correct position, it is the location, to prevent the process of cutting force or other forces destroyed the correct position, still must be fastened clamping workpiece, this is the clamping workpiece position and clamping workpiece installation process is called. Due to the workpiece position and orientation error, error called for clamping deformation and the error is called clamping error. Positioning error and clamping workpiece installation error named error.Because of this all parts for 21 kinds of workpieces, so the scheme is key to determine the fixture clamping deformation control at will The smallest. While clamping deformation control cannot rely on operators to realize in the past shell parts and machining by small and reliable clamping force to reduce clamping deformation, this will inevitably produce adverse product. In the introduction of domestic product technology at the same time, don'tnotice the processing technology, especially the shell parts, production batch processing, different, use equipment that needs are different, clamping orientated in the introduction, digestion and absorption and must therefore in the design process, according to the actual needs of clamping positioning in blank, add uniform positioning and clamping point.The selection principle of orientated may not deviate from the principle of localization, but at the time must note in the selection, I truly, Planar 3 point must form a stable support, namely the gravity of the triangle, near the workpiece center turn against restrictions freedom 2 some farther, the more accurate positioning.In parts of the shell, the key process is first step - graphic processing. According to the production batch and parts The structure and the precision, some parts processing, some parts of planar alone on a plane and hole machining process. Graphic processing quality directly cause the whole process, the success or failure. Surface processing, mainly is bad, the flatness of the flatness of the next procedure of processing produce larger clamping deformation, clamping, precision parts in tolerance, loosen, clamping displacementrestoring, precision parts will change, and with regularity. Surface processing by fixture causes adverse has two main: 1, the location selection is not reasonable, 2, clamping point is not reasonable. Therefore, the shell parts processing, surface of fixture design becomes important.In the traditional processing, for milling machining processes, plane commonly, add a few auxiliary support to prevent due to the distortion caused by cutting force influence, because high-speed cutting machining precision cutting force, so, no need additional support commonly.In the face of processing, must consider the process of flexibility, can use the car is not to milling machining. In clamping point, on the choice of pay attention to the following problems:1. By 3 strong point to form a support to support workpiece surface, can avoid blank piece of planar degree due to the deviation caused the machined surface flatness, and supporting and clamping point should avoid a moment, and led up distortion. Because of clamping workpiece elastic deformation, loosen the clamping after springback, can cause planar degree, it is super flatness of the main reason.2. The best point and clamping point is the sphere, ensure all, otherwise, it will point is because the plane deformation caused by torsion blank clamping deformation. Thedeformation will also cause planar degree.3. When the workpiece surface cannot clamping, can use flank clamping, if clamping parts is deduced.and, must increase in the block, to avoid clamping deformation. The clamping way, had better not use or using other techniques, or request processing plane designers in clamping point increase in design.4. Because of the high-speed machining cutting force and deformation of more than 30% reduction processing, generally recommend that don't add additional support can guarantee machining accuracy.5. 2 limit rotational degree of freedom, the distance as far as possible, orientated if blank has note hole, 2 (note hole taper pin location using elastic is the most simple positioning scheme.In the design of the group clamps, considering the problems at the same time, we also need to consider many parts adopt a fixture, and replacing time processing varieties in a short time to finish. So the fixture design must consider quick change. This fixture is typical of six principles of fixture, positioning clamping adopt pneumatic clamping screw. This fixture locating adopts point positioning forms, interface, nearly may also used clamping point, ensure orientated and clamping point in the same line, this fixture milling face results in the plane degrees below, the precision of 0.02 from the Angle of subsequent processing position from the Angle of use or can be very well meet the requirements.In addition, in parts processing process, for a process, whether to use fixture, use what type of clip What class, and the use of fixture in jig design must be carefully considered before. Besides the machining quality assurance from view, should also do economic analysis to ensure that the design of fixture in the economy.传动轴凸缘叉夹具的设计凸缘叉成组加工要根据分组结果及选定的机床型号进行成组夹具设计，成组夹具是实现成组加工的有利保证，分组再合理，如果设计不出成组夹具或设计的成组夹具调整不方便，成组加工也不能顺利实现。