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关于英语中否定转移现象的探讨

随着社会的发展,英语作为人类交际的重要工具,在实践中也不断丰富和发展起来。在英语学习中,如果理解句子单凭句子形式,以汉语习惯类推,往往会把意思弄反,闹出许多笑话。

一、否定转移的定义

夸克等人在其编著的《当代英语语法》一书中,将否定词not意义上属于原来应处的位置移到别的地方,这种语法现象称为否定转移(Transferred Negation)。也就是指位置上和一个词或短语或从句放在一起的否定词,有时在意义上或逻辑上可转移到否定另一个词或短语或从句。

(一)否定转移的种类

否定转移的种类有很多,笔者通过多年的教学实践,归纳出以下常见几种:

1.否定谓语动词的否定转移。

形式上否定谓语动词而在意义上或逻辑上却转移到否定另一句子成分。

(1)We don’t read the novels for amusement.

我们读小说不是为了消遣。(而不是“我们不读小说…..”)

否定词not在位置上否定谓语动词 read,但在在意义上或逻辑上转移到否定介词短语for amusement。

(2)He didn’t wr ite his paper correctly.(意义上或逻辑上否定副词correctly)

他的论文写得不正确. (而不是“他不写他的论文…..”)

(3)The seed does not complain because there are stones and turf in its way. (意义上或逻辑上否定because引出的状语从句)种子并不是因为有石头和草皮压在其上而鸣不平。(而不是“种子不抱怨…..”)

(4)I don’t think that he wil l come here today. (意义上或逻辑上否定that 引出的宾语从句)

我想他今天不会来这里的。

I don’t think,It doesn’t seem that….这类否定转移只限于主句中表示“判断,假象或感觉”等动词。常用的这种动词有think(想,认为), believe(相信,认为), expect(认为,料想), fancy(相信,料想), imagine(设想,认为), feel(觉得,感到) seem(好像,似乎), appear(好像,似乎)等。如:

I don’t feel that they should go.

我觉得他们不应该去。

It doesn’t seem that he knows it.

他好像不知道这件事。

(5)Both of the students do not pay attention to safety in handling radioactive materials. (意义上或逻辑上否定代词both)处理放射性物质时,并非两个学生都注意了安全问题。

例5中这种否定转移只限主语是由表示全体意义的代词all, both,every等所构成的名称短语。

(二)否定表语的否定转移

形式上否定表语而在意义上或逻辑上却转移到否定另一句子成分。

1.He is not happy on account of his riches, but on account of his good health.(意义上或逻辑上否定介词短语on account of his riches)=He is happy not on account of his riches, but on account of his health.

他很愉快,并不是因为有了财富,而是因为身体健康。

2.Every man is not honest. (意义上或逻辑上否定主语)=Not every man is honest.

并不是每个人都诚实。

(三)否定某一词、短语的否定转移

形式上否定某一词、短语而在意义上或逻辑上却转移到否定另一句子成分。

1.No prison was more firmly fastened. (意义上或逻辑上否定谓语动词was fastened)=Prison was not more firmly fastened.

任何牢房也不会锁得这样牢固的。

2.O’Brein stated that we were officers and had no right to be treated like common soldiers. (意义上或逻辑上否定不定式短语to be treated like common soldiers.)= O’Brein stated that we were officers and had a right not to be treated like common soldiers.

奥布赖恩说:我们是军官,应该不应受到像普通士兵那样的待遇。

3.Every morning he went out early to fish, but he had made

it a rule not to cast his net more than four times a day. (意义上或逻辑上否定介词短语more than four times)= Every morning he went out early to fish, but he had made it a rule to cast his net not more than four times a day.

每天早晨,他很早就出去捕鱼,但是他照例一天撒网不超过四次。

4.You must tell nobody about this interview.

(书面语)这次说话你决不可以对任何人讲。

否定词no在位置上否定名词body(和no 构成合成词nobody),但在意义上或逻辑上却转移到否定谓语动词tell,转移后,这句话变成英语口语“You mustn’t tell anybody about this interview.”。

由此可见,在英语学习中,只要认真归纳否定词应用方法和规律,了解否定转移现象,才能避免由否定转移而引起的语义歧义现象,才能更准确理解句子意思,提高学习效能。

希望以上资料对你有所帮助,附励志名言3条::

1、世事忙忙如水流,休将名利挂心头。粗茶淡饭随缘过,富贵荣华莫强求。

2、“我欲”是贫穷的标志。事能常足,心常惬,人到无求品自高。

3、人生至恶是善谈人过;人生至愚恶闻己过。

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