举例、列举、分类(2)

make fake and poor 6. 制造假冒伪劣产品 products
例证法/举例法（tips）
采用举例法扩展段落，最关键的问题是如何选 择典型的例证。学生作文中普遍存在的问题，就 是不会选取恰当的例证。一般作文命题都是关于 日常生活或人们普遍关心的社会问题，学生应该 多观察生活，多思考一些普遍的社会问题，这样 在选取例证时，就可以信手拈来，而不会抓耳挠 腮，觉得无例可用。
1. 例证法/举例法
举例法是段落扩展最常用的方法，几乎所有 的“主题”都可以用举例法来论证。因此， 举例 法也经常与其他段落扩展方法同时使用。它主要 是通过举例、列举事实来说明主题，从而使文章 显得言之有物，具有说服力。
例如 It Pays to Be Honest 一文第2段
However, there are lots of people who try to get benefits by dishonest means. For example, many students copy the papers written by others or cheat at examinations in order to get higher marks. The same thing may be said of some producers who try to get rich by making fake and poor products. Those people may succeed for a time, but sooner or later, they will get nothing but troubles.
吸烟的弊端 统计数字
There is little doubt that smoking tobacco is extremely harmful to the smoker's health. In the US, for example, research by the American Cancer Society suggests that tobacco causes up to 400,000 deaths each year - more than AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, car crashes, murders, suicides, and fires combined. （毫无
（首先，吸烟危害人们健康。正如我们所知，烟草 中含有许多有毒物质，如尼古丁和焦油。也就是 说，如果你是个烟鬼，你更可能患上一些慢性疾 病。例如，你可能会咳嗽，咽喉肿痛或者眼睛不 适。医学研究已经证实，吸烟容易导致一些呼吸 道疾病。说得具体一些，吸烟者可能得肺癌。数 据表明，在过去五年里，与吸烟相关的疾病发病 率急剧上升。）
上述“主题句”指出，妇女在许多 领域可以做得跟男人一样好。要论 证这一观点，最有说服力的方法就 是选取典型例证。本段选择了女科 学家作为典型代表，而且进一步指 出，她们取得与男科学家同样的成 就是要付出更大的代价的。
例证法也是运用客观事实、统计数字、
实验结果、图表等作论据证明论点的一 种论证方法。具体地说，它通过对一些 个别事例的分析和研究，归纳它们的共 同属性，综合它们的共同本质和规律， 从而得出一个带有普遍性的结论。尽量 找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观 点，给人说服力。
2. 列举法
运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据 对topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全 面地陈述或解释。用列举法发展段落时， 主题句常包含表示数量的词，如：several, many, some, four 等。列举细节时，可以根 据各种内容的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑 顺序排列。
Social activities benefit us in many ways. To begin with, these activities can widen our knowledge, because we can learn what we can’t from our books. Second, these activities can serve as a bridge between theory and practice, because we can learn how to put our book knowledge into practice. Lastly, these activities can enrich our experience, in that we can get to know the society well so that we can adapt to it easily when we graduate.
表例证的一些常用表达 1. for instance, for example, to illustrate, as an
illustration（例如） 2. for another instance（又如） 3. A case in point is…, ……是个例子。 4. A good example of this is…非常好的一个例子
1. 首先 To begin with
2. 正如我们所知 As we all know
3. 有毒物质
toxic substances
4. 尼古丁
nicotine
5. 焦油 tar
6. 也就是说 That is to say
7. 患上慢性疾病 suffer from chronic diseases
contains many toxic substances such as
nicotine and tar. That is to say, if you are a
heavy smoker, you are more likely to suffer
from chronic diseases. For example, you
是…… 5. There is evidence that…; It is reported that…
拓展段落的一些常用表达 1. in other words换言之 2. that is to say也就是说 3. to be more precise说的具体一些
For example 和such as 的使用
For example ，一般是用一个句子作例子， 而such as 是 并列两个以上名词或动名词短语作例子。如：
1. I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.
2.I have many hobbies such as playing badminton, collecting stamps and going camping.
8. 咽喉肿痛 have a sore throat
9. 眼睛不适 experience eye irritation
10. 导致呼吸道疾病 cause respiratory diseases
11.说得具体一些 To be more precise
12. 得肺癌 develop lung cancer
疑问，吸烟对吸烟者的健康构成严重威胁。例如，在美国，美国 癌症协会的研究显示，烟草每年导致的死亡高达400，000--比艾 滋病、酗酒、滥用药物、车祸、谋杀、自杀和火灾造成的死亡人 数还多。）
禁烟
实验结果
To start with, smoking endangers people’s health. As we all know, tobacco
Have a brief review
How to organize one paragraph?
1. topic sentence 2. supporting sentences
3. concluding sentence/closing sentence
Objectives:
How to develop paragraphs? 例证法/举例法(example) 列举法(details) 分类法(development by classification) 因果分析法(cause and effect) 对比-对照法(comparison and contrast)
1. 获得利益
get/ gain benefits
2. 采取不正当手段 by dishonest means
3. 抄袭别人试卷 4. 考试作弊
copy papers written by others
cheat at examinations
5. 同样的事情也适用 于
the same tBaidu Nhomakorabeaing may be said of+N/N-Phrase
本段的第一句是段落主题句，in many ways在这里为 下面的列举作好了铺垫。作者用了to begin with, second和lastly作为连接语，条理清楚地列举了社会活 动有益的三个方面。
举例法与列举法区别
举例法（example）是通过举出具体事例来阐述、 说明主题句内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法一种， 它们区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求 全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观 点，且事例可多可少。我们来看下面这个用举例法展 开段落。作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据对 topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解 释，列举顺序可以按照所列各点内容相对重要性、时 间、空间等进行。
3.I have such hobbies as playing badminton and collecting stamps.
Such as 可以跟在一个“总体名词” （如句 2中的hobbies ）之后，并列几个实例（如 句2），也可以将“总体名词”夹在 such…as 中间，然后再并列几个例子（如 句3）。
其中信号词 For example 和 The same thing may be said of 提 示本段举了两个例子(学生和生产 商)来说明主题句 there are lots of
people who try to get benefits by dishonest means。
Useful expressions:
下面语段的选例就十分精当。
Women can work as well as men in
many fields. For example, many female
scientists have greatly contributed to the development of human civilization. Most important of all, they have made such achievements while working as wives and mothers. In this case, they are more successful and respectable because they have to take on too much pressure in society and in family.
may cough, have a sore throat or experience
eye irritation. Medical research has already
proved that smoking may cause some
respiratory problems.
To be more precise, smokers may develop lung cancer. Statistics show that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has increased sharply over the past five years.