高中英语-宾语从句详解

宾语从句详解
1、概述
用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同.宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语, 也可以作介词和非谓语动词（动词不定式、动名词、分词）和某些形容词的宾语.宾语从句可以由从属连词that whether if, 关系代词what, who, whose, which和关系副词when、where、how、why等引导.
He said he wanted to go to town. 他说他想去城里.
I hope you'll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起来.
I’m so glad that you were able to come to this party.
你能设法抽空出席这个交际会, 我很高兴.
I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.
除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知.
Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.
除了雨天,大多数中国人一般都骑自行车上班.
He asked me whether she was coming. 他问我, 她来还是不来.
2、作动词宾语
（1）由从属连词that引导的宾语从句.that引导宾语从句时, 只起引导词作用, 在句中不做成分, 在口语和非正式文体中常省去.
I think (that) he'll be right in a few days.我认为他几天后就会好的.
I wish (that) she would understand me.我希望她理解我.
（2）由关系代词what, who, whose, which引导的宾语从句, 在句中作成分, 即主语、宾语、表语和定语, 关系代词在句中不能省略.
A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do．计算机只能按人的指令去做.
Do you know whom they are waiting for?你知道他们在等谁吗?
He asked whose dictionary it was.他问这是谁的字典.
He can't tell which method they will use for the experiment.
他不能断定他们会用哪一种方法做实验.
（3）关系副词when, where, how, why等引导宾语从句.
关系副词 when, where, how, why 既有疑问意义, 又起连接作用, 而且在宾语从句中充当各种状语, 分别表时间、地点、方式、原因.在句中不能省略.
Please tell me when we shall discuss our plan.请告诉我我们将何时讨论计划.
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我们将在哪里开会.
Will you tell me how I can get to the station?你能告诉我如何能到车站吗?
Do you know why he said that?你知道他为什么说那件事吗?
I remember when this used to be a quiet village．我记得这里曾经是一个僻静的村庄.
（4）由从属连词whether或if引导的宾语从句.
I wonder whether (if) daughters are valued as much as sons in the countryside.我想知道在农村女儿是否和儿子一样受到重视.
I don't know whether (if) you are willing to help me.我不知道你是否愿意帮我.
注意：whether 和if的区别.
（5）动词+间接宾语+宾语从句.
动词如：advise, ask, inform, promise, question, remind, show, teach, tell, warn等, 宾语从句前可以有一个间接宾语, 这个宾语有时可以省略, 有的不能省略.
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.
他已经通知我们将什么时候讨论我的建议.(me不可省略)
She promised (us) that she would give us more help later on.
她答应以后给我们更多的帮助.(us可省略)
3、作介词宾语
It depends on whether he is coming or not.这要看他是否会来.
I was curious as to what we could do next.我想知道下一步我们该做什么.
注意：that引导的宾语从句只在in, but, except, besides等少数介词后作宾语, 形成固定搭配, in that在于（因为）, but that要不是(只是), except that除了…….
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得税过高是有害的, 因为它可能使人不愿多赚钱.
His paper is perfect except that there were some misprints.
除了一些印刷错误之外, 这篇论文很好.
4、作形容词宾语.
No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years．
谁也不知道一百万年后人类会变成什么样子.
I am not certain whether I have met him before.我不能肯定从前是否见过他.
I'm sorry (that) you're ill.你病了, 我很难过.
注意：that引导的从句在下列形容词后面作宾语, that可以省略
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content, proud等.
I'm sure (that) he'll help you.我确信他会帮助你.
I'm glad (that)he has passed the exam.我很高兴, 他考试及格了.
5、it充当形式宾语, 真正的宾语---宾语从句后置.
正如我们常用it充当形式主语代替主语从句一样, 我们也常用it用作形式宾语代替宾语从句,
把真正的宾语从句后置.特别是带复合宾语的句子中.在这种结构中that不可省略.有下列几种情况：
（1）believe, consider, declare, estimate, fancy, feel, find, guess,hear, imagine, know, make,
prove, reckon, think, understand 等动词接复合宾语（宾语＋宾补）时, 要用it作形式宾语. We find it difficult that we should finish the work on time．我发现我们按时完成工作有困难. She thinks it wrong that he didn't answer the phone．她认为他不接电话是不对的.
（2）在like, enjoy, love,hate,take 等表喜怒哀乐的动词, 后若要跟宾语从句, 需跟形式宾语 it.
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.我不喜欢人们满口饭说话.
I like it that everyone passed the exam．都通过了考试我很喜欢.
（3）由动词和介词构成的短语动词后接 that 宾语从句时, 要用形式宾语.
We are thinking of it that we'll lend you some money．我正在考虑借给你钱的事.
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的时候我负责把他照顾好.
（4）用于“动词+宾语+介词短语”的句型中.
Keep it in mind that you have to be home by ten o’cloc k.要记住你得十点钟之前回家.
We took it for granted that he would come.我们认为他来是当然的.
6、不可直接跟that从句的动词.
下列动词不可直接接that从句：
ask, refuse, let, like, cause, force, condemn, admire, celebrate, entreat, dislike, overlook, love, hel p, take, forgive, bid, hate, hear（听见）, see（看见）, want（想要）等, 但可用it, the fact做媒介, 后接that从句；或接动名词、不定式.
He overlooked it that he had made another mistake.(对) 他忽视了一件事, 他又犯了一个错误. He overlooked the fact that he had made another mistake. (对)
He overlooked that he had made another mistake.(错)
I admire it that they won the match. (对)
I admire the fact that they won the match. (对) 我很羡慕, 他们赢得了比赛.
I admire that they won the match. (错)
7、that引导宾语从句的省略.
（1）主句谓语动词是agree, argue, hold, learn, maintain, observe, contend, conceive, reckon, remark, state, suggest, assume, announce, calculate, indicate等时, 其后宾语从句的
引导词that一般不可省略；主句谓语动词是hear, know, say, see, confess consider, declare, understand, propose等时, 其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略, 也可以不省略；主句谓语动词是think, suppose, believe, presume, dare say等时, 其后宾语从句的引导词that可以省略.
He suggested that we should set off at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
他建议我们明天早晨8点走.(that不可省略)
I think (that) this is very important.我认为这很重要.(that可省略)
（2）当一个句子很复杂, 句中有多个状语时, that不可省略；或者一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时, 特别第一个宾语从句特别长, 后面的宾语从句的that不可省略；谓语动词与that 从句之间有插入语时, that不可省去.
He said you needn't worry and that he would help you .
他说你没有必要着急, 他会帮助你的.（said之后可省去that, 但第二个that不可省去）
We decide, as he has suggested, that we will start out tomorrow.
就像他建议的那样, 我们决定明天动身.
8、否定转移与省略
（1）如果主句的谓语动词是“think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等, 主语是第一人称的一般现在时态, 其后的宾语从句如含有否定意义, 一定要把否定词一道主句谓语上, 从句谓语动词用肯定形式.
I don’t think he can do it better than me.我想他不会比我干得好.
I don’t believe he treated the child like that.我相信他不会那样对待孩子的.
（2）如果think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等前有副词或表示强调的do, does, did；或者同其它词构成并列谓语；或者不以现在时出现；或者用作插入语中.这时候不用否定转移.
I really expect she didn’t say that to him.我确实希望她不和他说那件事.
I think and hope that he won’t be deceived by the man.我认为也希望他不会被那个人欺骗. （3）think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, reckon, imagine等此类动词后, 在简略答语中, 用 so 替代前文肯定的宾语从句；若替代一个否定的宾语从句, 用 not 或not…so替代前文整个从句.
-I believe we've met somewhere before．我认为我们从前在哪见过.
-No, I don't think so．没有, 我认为我们以前没见过.
-Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?你认为这周末会下雨吗?
-I believe not．我认为不会.
注意：hope 只能说 I hope not 一种形式, 因为 hope 不能否定转移.
9、时态的呼应与语序.
在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序, 时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则：
（1）如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时, 宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态.
Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring?你能确定爱丽丝把金戒指放到什么地方
了吗?
They have no idea at all where he has gone．他们一点也不知道他去了哪.
Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night?你知道他昨晚和谁一起说话吗?
（2）如果主句谓语是一般过去时, 宾语从句要用表示过去的某一时态.
He said he would come to see us the next day.他说他明天将来看我们.
I wanted to know whether he had been to Beijing.我想知道他是否去过北京.
（3）如果宾语从句是表示客观事实、真理等, 不管主句是什么时态, 宾语从句一律用一般现在时.
Dick asked Lucy how old she is．迪克问露斯她多大了.
The teacher said the sun rises in the east．老师说太阳从东方升起.
要点
一、宾语从句要点之时态的呼应
1. 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时,宾语从句可根据情况使用各种时态.例如:
I hear she is here today(she was here yesterday/she will be here tomorrow.)
2. 如果主句是一般过去时,宾语从句应使用过去时态的某种形式.例如:
He said he was watching TV(he had swept thefloor/ he would play football after school).
3. 如宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象或科学真理等,从句不受主句时态限制,仍用一般现在时.例如:
Our teacher told us that light travels fasterthan sound.
二、宾语从句要点之引导词的使用
1. 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时,用that来引导从句,that常无具体意义,一般可省略.例: Lin Tao thought (that)the TV play was veryboring.
2. 当宾语从句是由一般疑问句变化而来时,要用if或whether来引导从句.例如:
David asked his mother if/ whether she liked thedinner last night.
3. 当宾语从句是由特殊疑问句变化而来时,原句中的疑问词充当连接代词(如who, whose, what, which)或连接副词(如when,where, why, how),引导宾语从句.例如:
Do you know what we can do on the island?
I don’t know why Jane was late for school this morning.
三、宾语从句要点之语序的陈述化
宾语从句一般要用陈述句语序.例如:
Whe n did he leave? I want to know. →I want to know when he left.
Does the shop close at six every day? Do you know? →Do you know if/ whether the shop closes at six every day?
四、宾语从句要点之否定转移
当主句的谓语动词为think, believe, suppose等动词,且主语为第一人称时,从句的否定要转移
到主句上.例如:
I don’t believe he is here on time, is he?
I don’t think Tom is the best student in his class, is he?。