英语语法之宾语从句

宾语从句
一、宾语从句的定义
在句中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。

引导宾语从句的连接词：
连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if
代词：who, whom，whose, what ,which，whatever，whichever，whoever等
副词：when ,where, how, why 等。

宾语从句分三类：动词的宾语从句；介词的宾语从句；形容词的宾语从句。

（1）动词的宾语从句：作动词的宾语
大多数及物动词可以带宾语从句，有些动词短语也可以带宾语从句。

I heard that he would come here later on.
（2）介词的宾语从句：作介词的宾语
一般情况下，介词后只用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。

He said nothing about who broke the window last night. （3）形容词的宾语从句：作形容词的宾语
在afraid，certain，glad，happy，pleased，sure，surprise，satisfied，sorry等表示感情的形容词后可接宾语从句。

I’m sorry you are having trouble in making friends.
二、宾语从句中引导词（连接词）的用法
1.that，if/whether引导
that，whether，if引导宾语从句时都只起连接作用，不作句子成分。

That 无意义且可省略，而whether/if意为“是否”，故不可省略。

He told me that he would go to the college the next year.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
2.连接代词引导
当连接代词who, whom，whose, what ,which，whatever，whichever，whoever 等引导宾语从句时，可以在宾语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。

每个连词都有自己特定的意义，一般不能省略。

The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
3.连接副词引导
当连接副词when，where，why，how，however等引导宾语从句时，可以在从句中充当状语，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。

每个副词都有自己特定的意义，一般不能省略。

有时how many和how much也可以引导宾语从句。

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
三.宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。

即使主句为疑问句语序，从句也用陈述句语序。

I don’t know what they are looking for.
Could you tell me when the train will leave?
四.宾语从句的时态
1.主句是一般现在时或将来时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。

例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
I hope you will find these ideas useful.
2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。

例句：Sh e was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。

例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
五、宾语从句的否定转移
1.当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。

例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
2.主句的谓语动词是think ,believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. 例句：I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?
I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he?
We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you?
3.如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
例句：We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he? 我们发现他从不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？
4.当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。

例句：Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she?
You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you?
They don't believe she's an engineer, do they?
She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she?
六、宾语从句中that不能省略的情况
1、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。

例句：I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better．
2.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。

例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。

例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
4.当it作形式宾语时
例句：She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。

5.当宾语从句前置时
例句：That our team will win，I believe．
6.当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时。

例句：She suggest that we get up early.
七、宾语从句中只用whether或只能用if的情况
1.只能用whether，不能用if：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）。

如：Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）
I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go．
②在介词之后用whether。

如：I'm interested in whether he likes English．
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．
③在不定式前用whether。

如：He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．
④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。

如：Whether this is true or not，I can't say．
⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。

如：Whether she will come or not is still a question．
⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。

如：Please let me know if you like the book.可理解为：
b．If you like the book，please let me know．
2.只能用if不能用whether的情况
1）if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
2）if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
3）引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时
He talks as if he has known all about it.
练习题1
(1)．I don’t think he is right,__________?
A．isn’t he B．is he C．do I D．don’t I
(2). He believes she is right, __________?
A．doesn’t he B．does he C．is she D．isn’t she
(3).I thought that he disliked playing football,__________?
A．didn’t he B．did he C．did I D．didn’t I
(4). I find _____ important that we practice English every day.
A. it
B. this
C. that
D. what
(5). You can’t imagine ____when they received the nice gift.
A. how they were excited
B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they
D. they were how excited
练习题2
(1) I don’t know ___________or not.
A. whether he is at home
B. if he is at home
C. that he is at home
D. whether is he at home
(2) This depends on _________ the weather is fine.
A. which
B. whether
C. if
D. that
(3) The teacher asked the new student ________ class he was in.
A. which
B. where
C. if
D. that
(4) I don’t know ________ Mr. Green will come to see us. He’ll help us with our English.
A. why
B. when
C. how
D. where
(5) --- Be careful! Don’t break the bottles. Do you hear ______ I said? David? --- Yes, Mum
A. what
B. that
C. why
D. if
(6) --- Do you know _______ Mr Black’s address is?
--- He may live at NO.18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. I’m not sure of ______.
A. where, which
B. where, what
C. what, which
D. what, where
(7) Th ere is not much difference between the two. I really don’t know _____.
A. what should I choose
B. which I should choose
C. which should I choose
D. what I should choose
练习题3
(1) Did you find out ______?
A. she was looking for whose child
B. whose child was she looking for
C. whose child she is looking for
D. whose child she was looking for
(2) Are you interested in _____?
A. how did he do it
B. he did it how
C. how he did it
D. he how did it
(3) I don’t know _____. Can you tell me?
A. how the two players are old
B. how old are the two players
C. the two players are how old
D. how old the two players are
(4) --- What did the scientist say?
--- He said he wondered if _____ into space by spaceship one day.
A. he had to fly
B. he could fly
C. can he fly
D. could he fly
(5) Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ____?
A. Where the bank nearest
B. where is the nearest bank
C. where the nearest bank is
D. the nearest bank is where
（6）She asked Tom ________ with his car?
A. what the matter was
B. what the matter is
C. what was the matter
D. what is the matter
练习题4
(1) It’s 7:30. I can’t believe you___ cooking dinner yet, Sally.
A. haven’t started
B. didn’t
C. don’t start
D. hadn’t started
(2) The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 ____ Christmas Day.
A. is
B. was
C. has been
D. will be
(3) The teacher said that the earth _______round the sun.
A. goes
B. go
C. went
D. will go
(4) We ’d like to tell you that you ______the exam.
A. have passed
B. had passed
C. pass
D. will pass
(5) “Could you tell me______?” “Yes. T hey ____ to the library.”
A. where are the twins, have been
B. where were the twins, have been
C. where the twins are, have gone D, where the twins were, have gone
(6) Our father said that he ______ a new computer next week.
A. will buy
B. have bought
C. would buy
D. buys
(7) I hear that he ______ to Beijing yesterday.
A. goes
B. will go
C. went
D. have gone。