初中英语词性的讲解
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初中英语词性的讲解
英语词性:十大类
1. 名词n. 如:Alice China book orange glass
2. 动词v.如:am speak spell live (in) write (to)
3. 形容词adj.如:tall heavy popular windy relaxed
4. 副词adv.如:quickly loudly really never hardly
5. 冠词art. 如: a an the
6. 代词pron.如:I them your ours himself ourselves something
nobody who both each every
7. 连词conj.如:and but or so though
8. 介词prep. 如:in with of near beside about
9. 叹词interj.如:oh hi hello dear
10. 数词num. 如:one twelve first second third ninth twelfth twentieth
一.名词:
1.含义:表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
2.分类:专有名词和普通名词
3.可数名词的单数表达法:一般可用a,an来修饰,表示数量“一”;
注意:在辅音发音开头的单词前用a; 在元音发音开头的单词前用an ;
如:a car a book a key a ruler a dictionary a boy a peacock an orange an eraser an egg an apple an hour an umbrella
请区别:a u seful machine(一部有用的机器) a U u an H an h our
4.可数名词的复数的变化规则;
(1) 一般在复数名词后加“s”: 如:dog –dogs book –books
(2) 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”:box –boxes watch –watches
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es”:
country –countries factory –factories dictionary—dictionaries
请区别:如果是元音字母加y 结尾的名词则只须加“s”
如:boy –boy s monkey –monkey s key---key s
(4) 以o结尾的名词加“s”:
A: 没有生命的物体加“s”:radio–radios zoo–zoos piano--pianos photo—photos B: 有生命的物体加“es”: potato–potatoes tomato–tomatoes
hero---heroes英雄Negro—Negroes 黑人
(5) 以f、fe 结尾的名词,变f、fe 为v再加“es”:
half–halves shelf–shelves knife–knives leaf–leaves
5. 可数名词复数的不规则变化:
man--men woman—women tooth—teeth foot—feet goose—geese mouse—mice Chinese-Chinese Japanese –Japanese deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep
a man doctor— men doctors a woman teacher--women teachers
注意:German---German s(德国人)
6. 不可数名词的表达:物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示
一张,一块...:a piece of 一片...: a slice of\ 一杯(玻璃杯)...: a glass of
一杯(咖啡杯)...:a cup of 一碗....: a bowl of 一盒...: a box of
一套(书,西装等),一串(钥匙等): a set of 一篮子...:a basket of
一公斤...:a kilo of 一听...: a tin of 一瓶子...: a bottle of 一袋...: a bag of
注意:它们的复数,直接在量的单位后面加s, es 等,不可数名词后不能加
如:3杯牛奶three glass es of milk
7.名词的所有格:名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式:
A. 在名词后+’s;
B. 用of, 表示“……的”;
1). Mr. Mott’s robot children’s clothes teachers’ books
2). Lucy and Lily’s room. (指两人共住一个房间)
3). Mrs Green’s and Mrs Brown’s sons. (指两人各自的儿子)
4). 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。
e g. the wall of the classroom
8. 有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化。
同一个词,但意思不同:
(1) glass(玻璃)–a glass(玻璃杯) paper(纸) –a paper(报纸)
work(工作) –a work(著作) room(空间) –a room(房间)
(2) fruit(水果) –fruits (各种水果) fish(鱼) –fishes(各种鱼)
hair(所有头发) –hairs (几根头发) time(时间) –times(时代)
二. 代词
一.含义:用来代替名词或名词短语的词。
二.分类:按意义特征和语法功能可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词等9类。
三.分类讲解:
1. 人称代词:形式
主语I you he she it we you(你们)they
宾语me you him her it us you(你们)them 2、人称代词的用法
用法口诀:人称代词分两格,主格宾格来分说;主格定把主语作,宾格作宾不会错。
1). 主格在句中作主语时,一般放在谓语动词之前:
如:I am Chinese. 我是中国人。
We are good friends.我们是好朋友。
He often plays basketball on the playground.他经常在操场上打篮球。
2). 宾格作宾语。
放在及物动词或介词之后,有时在口语中,可以作表语;
如:I don't know her. (动宾)我不认识她。
Mr.Wang teaches us English. (动宾)王老师教我们英语。
Let me help you. (动宾)让我来帮你。
What's wrong with him? (介宾)Open the door, please! It's me. (作表语)
3). 人称代词并列用法的排列顺序:
A:单数人称代词做主语时,排列顺序:第二人称--第三人称--第一人称;
如:You and I ; He ,she and I ; You, he ,she , it and I
请翻译:我,你和她都是好朋友。
.You, she and I are good friends.
B: 复数人称代词做主语时,排列顺序:第一人称--第二人称--第三人称;
如:We and you ; You and they; We , you and they
请翻译:我们,你们和他们都喜欢音乐。
We, you and they all like music.
注意:当I与其他词语一起并列作主语时,I要放在后面,但承认错误时,I要放在前面如:She and I are in the same school.她和我在同一个学校。
I and he make mistakes.我和他犯了错误。
3. 物主代词的用法:
用法口诀:物主代词两类型,形容词性、名词性。
形容词性作定语,后面定把名词用。
名词性、独立用,主宾表语它都充。
形容词性的物主代词:my our your your his her its theirs
名词性的物主代词:mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs 1). 形容词性物主代词在句只用作定语;起形容词的作用,用在名词前。
例:1)This is my book. 这是我的书。
2)We love our motherland. 我们热爱我们的祖国。
2). 名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,起名词的作用;相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语。
A. 作主语:
如:May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语:
如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语:
如:Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语:
如:The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
3). 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
如:Those volleyballs are theirs. = They are their volleyballs.
4). 为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。
例:My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.
注意:为避免重复使用bag,可写成:My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.
4. 指示代词:this these that those
1).it, one, that 作代词的区别
①it指上文提到过的事物。
② one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个。
③that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,避免重复.
2).it 的几种特殊用法
①有时用来代替小孩和婴儿。
Who’s this boy in the picture? It’s me.
②不知姓名或是谁时。
Who is it at the door? It’s Jim.
③作形式宾语或形式主语时
It’s easy to climb the hill.
I found it interesting to learn English.
5.不定代词
只修饰可数名词: many, a number of the number of few, a few
只修饰不可数名词:much , little , a little
修饰可数名词、不可数名词: a lot of= lots of some any
重点一:a number of , the number of的区别
A:a number of +名词复数做主语时,谓语动词用复数。
= many 许多
B:the number of +名词复数做主语时,谓语动词用单数。
意思为:......的数量
①_________________ the students in our class is 54.
②_________________ students are planting trees.
③______________ workers in that factory are women workers.
④______________ the teachers in our school is very large.
重点二:few, a few, little, a little的区别:
A:little , a little 修饰不可数名词,little 表否定含义,a little表肯定含义;
B:few, a few 修饰可数名词,few表否定含义; a few表肯定含义;
①There are __________ minutes left. Be quick.
②Don’t worry. I have _________ money here.
③There is _________ mutton left. Let's go to buy some.
重点三:some, any 的区别
some: 一般用于肯定句中,any: 用于否定句和疑问句中;
①I have __________ books, but I don’t have __________ pens.
②There is not ________ meat in my bowl. There is _________ chicken in it.
some有时也可用于疑问句中,表示劝告请求或建议。
any 用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”
①Would you like some tea? ②May I ask you some questions?
③You can borrow any of the three books. ④Would you mind giving me some water?
6. 复合不定代词
指人--肯定句:someone somebody everyone everybody
否定或疑问句:anyone anybody
通用:everyone everybody nobody no one
指物---肯定句:something 否定或疑问句:anything
通用:everything nothing
重点:由every, some, any, no与thing, body, one构成的复合不定代词
A.做主语,谓语动词用单数;
B.如:Everyone is here. 每个人都在这儿。
Somebody gets tired. 有人累了。
No one knows the news. 没有人知道这个消息
C.有形容词要修饰不定代词时,要后置。
如:I have nothing important to tell you. 我没什么重要的告诉你。
Let's do something interesting . 我们做点有趣的事吧。
7. 反身代词:反身代词表自身,句中可作两成分:表示强调同位语,宾语动作回自身。
单数:myself yourself himself herself itself
复数:Ourselves yourselves themselves
注意:反身代词有以下常见搭配:
1)enjoy oneself,---玩得高兴,过得愉快
如:We enjoyed ourselves at the party last Sunday. 上周日我们在晚会上玩得很高兴。
2)help oneself to,---随便吃.... 如:Help yourself to some fish. 请随便吃鱼啊。
3 teach oneself --- 自学如:He teaches himself English.. 他自学英语。
如:Let Tony do it by himself. He is no longer a kid. 让Tony一人做吧,他不再是一个孩子了。
5)make oneself at home 使自己像在家一样
如:"Make yourselves at home." he said to his friends.
他对他的朋友们说:“把这儿当自己家一样啊。
”
6)lose oneself in --- 沉迷于....
如:Don't lose yourselves in computer games, boys. 孩子们,不要沉迷于电子游戏。
三. 冠词
1. 含义:它是一个虚词,须置于名词之前,限定名词的定义,表示名词所表示的人或物;
2. 分类: a.不定冠词(a,an)b. 定冠词(the)c.零冠词(即在某些场合不使用冠词);
3. 关于a 和an:A:当单词的发音的第一个音节是辅音或半元音音标前使用a,
B:当单词的发音的第一个音节是元音音标前使用an;
A:a 和an 的用法:
l)表示数量有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强。
如:I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.
2)第一次提到某人或某物,不定冠词起介绍作用。
如:Yesterday I saw an old man. He’s Tom’s father.
3)表示某个人或事物,但不具体说明何人或何物。
如:A boy was waiting for you.
4)表示人或事物的某一类。
如:Pass me an apple, please.
5)表示“每一”的意思,相当于every。
如: Mr. Green goes to the cinema once a week.
B:定冠词的基本用法
定冠词用法有规律,防止遗志很容易。
特指双方都熟悉,上文已经被提及。
世上无二仅独一,序数词和最高级。
山河海岛建筑物,姓氏复数奏乐器。
少数形表人一类,方位名词须牢记。
普构专有惯用词,试用此诀有效率。
l)特指某人或某物。
如:The book on the desk is mine.
2)指双方都知道的人或事物。
如:Where are the new books,Jim?
3)指上文提到过的人或物。
如:There is an old woman standing there. The old woman looked worried.
4)用在世上独一无二的事物名词前。
如:the sun, the sky, the earth, the world, etc.
5)用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
如:The third one is carrying the fewest of all.
6)用在山脉、江河、海洋、岛等名词前。
如:the Himalaya Mountains, the Yellow River, the Red Sea, the Taiwan Island, etc.
7)用在某些建筑物名词前。
如:the White House, the Great Hall of the People
8)用在姓氏复数形式之前,表示“某某一家”或“某某夫妇”。
如:the Greens, the Blacks, etc.
9)用在乐器名词前。
如:the piano, the violin, etc.
10)用在少数名词化的形容词前表示一类人或事物。
如:the old, the poor, the blind, etc.
11)用在表示方向位置的名词前。
如:in the east, on the right, in the centre, etc.
12)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
如:the People’s Republic of China, etc.
13)用在某些习惯用语中。
如:in the morning, by the way, look the same, etc.
C:零冠词的基本用法:
下列情况不用冠,名词之前代词限;专有名词不可数,球类学科与三餐;
复数名词表泛指,节日月份星期前;颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。
1)名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词或不定代词等限定词。
如:The letter is in her bag.
I have some questions.
2)专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词等不可数名词前。
如:China,water,music, etc.
3)球类活动、学科名词、一日三餐前。
如:We have English and math every day.
4)复数名词表示泛指。
如:They are workers.
5)节日、星期、月份、季节名称前。
如:June 1 is Children’s Day.
6)表示颜色、语言、称呼语和官职、头衔的名词前。
如:Headmaster Li came to Class One just now.
7)某些固定词组或习惯用语中。
如:at night, go to school, by bus, day and night日日夜夜),brother and sister,hour after hour,here and there(到处),on time(准时), on duty, at noon, on foot, in autumn ......
D:定冠不定冠意思差千万!!!有些名词前用冠词或不用冠词,其意义有所不同
at table 在吃饭--- at the table 在桌子旁in class 在上课---in the class 在班级中
go to school去上学--- go to the school到那所学校去
go to bed 上床睡觉--- go to the bed 到床那边去
in front of 在…的前面--- in the front of 在…的前部
in hospital 生病住院--- in the hospital 在那家医院
in bed 生病卧床--- in the bed 在床上
by sea 乘船--- by the sea 在海边
on earth 究竟--- on the earth 在地球上,在世上
on horseback 骑着马--- on the horseback 在马背上
out of question毫无疑问--- out of the question不可能的,办不到的
next year 明年--- the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家(一个人)
a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
四. 介词
A. 含义:又称前置词,是一种虚词。
介词不能单独做句子成分。
介词后须接宾语,介词与其宾语构成介词短语。
B:介词从其构成来看可以分为:
1、简单介词(Simple prepositions)如:at ,by, for, in, from, since, through等;
2、复合介词(Compound prepositions)如:onto, out of, without, towards等;
3、短语介词(phrasal prepositions)because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of;
4、二重介词(double prepositions)如:from behind, from under, till after等;
5、分词介词(verbal prepositions)如:during, concerning, excepting, considering, past等。
常见介词的基本用法
1、with 和……一起, 拿着
如:Would you like to go to the cinema with me?
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in her hand.
2、 about 关于
如:Do you know something about Tom?
What about this coat?(……怎么样)= How about this coat?
3、 after 在……之后
如:I'm going to see you after supper.
Tom looked after his sick mother yesterday.(照看)
4、across 横过
如:Can you swim across the river? 你能过河吗?
Don't go across the street when the traffic lights are red. (介词)
=Don't cross the street when the traffic lights are red. (动词v. )
Let's walk across the steet . 我们走路过桥吧。
5. along 沿着
如:We walked along the river bank.
Go along the street, turn right at the second turning. 在第二个转弯
6、in 在……里on 在……上面under在……下面
如:There are two balls in/on/under the desk.
7、near 在……附近
如:We live near the park.
Excuse me . Is there a post office near hear?
8、of ……的
如:Do you know the name of the winner.
John is a friend of mine.
9、before 在……之前
如:I hope to get there before seven o’clock.
He had left Alice before he was 40 years old.
10、behind 在……后面
如:The sun is hidden behind the clouds.
Don't hide behind the door. I have seen you. 不要躲在门后,我已经看到你11、by 到……时
如:We had learned ten English songs by the end of last term.
I must go to bed by ten o'clock at night.
12、during 在……期间
如:Where are you going during the holiday.
Pandas sleep during the day .
13、except 除了
如:Everyone except you answered the question correctly.
All the students went to the Great Wall except Wang Ying.
14、for 为了
如:The students are studying hard for the people.
Here are some flowers for you!
15、from 从
如:I come from Shanghai.
My school is ten minutes' walk from here?
16、to ,at朝……方向
如:Can you tell me the way to the cinema.
That man aimed at the bird. (aim--瞄准)
17、over 在……正上方
如:There is a bridge over the river.
Tom goes over his English every day.(复习)
18、round/around 围绕
如:The students stand around the teacher.
19、towards朝着
如:The car is traveling towards Beijing.
20、 against 反对
如:Are you for or against me? 你反对我吗?
Nothing could make me turn against my country.(背叛)
没什么能使我背叛我的祖国。
重点区别
1. after 和in 皆可表示时间在……之后。
区别为:after 1)表示“在某点时间之后”,用于将来时。
如:We’ll go out for a walk after supper.
2)表示“一段时间之后”,用于过去时。
如:My mother came home after half an hour.
in 表示“一段时间之后”,用于将来时。
如:We’ll go to school in two weeks.
2、区别:in by with
1)in 表示“以...方式,用语言,文字等媒介”. He writes in black ink.(用…材料)2)with指“借助于具体的手段或工具”The guard cut one boot open with a knife. 3)by表示“以...的方式,方法,手段”和“乘某种交通工具”;
如:She always goes to school by bike.(用……手段)
3、区别:between among
Can you say the differences between the two words?(两者之间)
Premier Chou En-lai lives among the people forever.(三者或三者以上)
4、区别:besides except
We have seen the crocodile besides Li Fang.(除…之外,还有)全部计算
We are all Chinese except Tom in our class.(除……之外)不计算在内
5、区别:on over above
There is a boat on the desk(在某物面上,与此物接触。
)
There is a bridge over the river.
(在某物正上方,与此物不接触,或横在某物上,或覆盖在某物上。
)
She spread a cloth over the table.
He held his heads above his head. (“在……上”,强调“高于。
”)
6、区别:on in to
Mongolia is on the north of China.(与中国接壤,不属于中国)
Japan is to the east of China.(不属于中国,且不接壤)
Taiwan is in the east of China.(台湾属于中国)
7、区别:since for since + 时间点。
表示从过去某一时间以来
for +一段时间。
表示一段时间
I have been living here since 1982.(自1982年以来,我一直住在这里)
I have been living here for 20 years.(我已经在这里住了20年了)
8、区别:of from
The desk is made of wood(看得出材料)
Paper is made from wood.(看不出材料)
The bread is made up of flour, sugar and milk.(由数种成分组成)
8、区别:by on
He used to go to school by bike.(抽象概括)
He came to school on this bike yesterday.(具体到哪一辆车)
10、of about on表示“谈及,论述”
Do you know of American singer John Denver?(涉及浅层关系)
I have never heard about him.(表示谈论等深一步的关系)
This book is on grammar.(以……为主要内容)
11、through past across
The new railway runs through the small town.(穿过)
He walked slowly past the tall building.(从旁边经过)
Go across the street when the traffic lights are green. (穿过平面)
12、by with 通过……手段
We write with a pen.(表示较具体的事物)
There’s nothing to gain by waiting.(表示抽象)
13、by day(指白天)by the day(按日计算)
I worked here by day and I am paid by the day.
14. 区别:at in on
A: 在某一月,在某一年,在某年某月,在某一季节,在早晨/下午.晚上; 表示地点,场所:在。
里;在。
上; 表示状态,情况,境遇,服饰:处于。
中; 表示时间:在。
期间;在。
以后;在。
时间内; 表方式;用介词____________
B: 在某年某月某日,某月某日, 在某一天,在周末,在某一星期,在…的早晨/下午/晚上表示地点:在。
上(与。
接触); 引伸意义:从事。
,处于。
情况中; 表示关系:关于;论及; 用介词________
C.在某一时间点,某一时刻,表地点,表状态,在山顶,在山脚,在…结束时,表示速度,价格,表原因(因为,由于—说明某种情绪)表示动作方向;针对着;朝;向(某一目标移动; ,用介词_________
15.表方位的介词in, on, to, off的区别
in 表示在境内. on 表示相邻或在边界上, 不在境内.
to 表示在境外, 不接壤. off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方.
16.across\ over\ through\ past
横穿,穿越,表示运动发生在物体的表面--- across
跨过越过,表示运动发生在物体的上方--- over
穿过,通过表示运动发生在某物的空间---- through
从—经过,表示运动发生在某物的旁边--- past
五.感叹词
一.含义:感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。
二.二. 作用:它不构成后面句子的一个语法成分,却在意义上与它有关连,后面的句子一般
说明这种情绪的性质、原因。
1.Oh :表示惊讶、指责、痛苦、称赞、懊恼等。
“哦”、“哎呀”、“噢”“啊”、“呀”
如:“Oh,who was that?”Mr. Black asked.“哦,是谁?”布莱克先生问
“Oh,how blind you are!”he cried.“哎呀,你们真瞎!”他大声道。
2. Ah表示惊奇、高兴、讨厌、懊悔、藐视、威胁等,可译为“呀、啊”等。
如:.Ah,yes,Jeanne married a man with a lot of money.
啊,对啦,让娜嫁给了一个很有钱的人。
“Ah,what splendid clothes!”thought the Emperor.
“啊!多华丽的衣服啊!”皇帝想。
3. come表示鼓励、不耐烦、引起注意、安慰等,可译为“喂、好吧、说吧、得啦”
如:Oh,come,Mathilde.Surely you can tell an old friend.
嗨,说吧,玛蒂尔德,你对老朋友说说总是可以的吧。
Come,we must hurry.喂,我们得赶紧啦!
Come,come,get him his change.Tod,get him his change.
好吧,好吧,托德,快把钱找给他,快把钱找给他。
4. dear表示后悔、难过、怜悯、同情、吃惊、盼望等,可译为“哎呀、天哪”等。
如:Dear me!What awful weather!哎呀!多糟的天气!
Dear,dear!Where have I put my keys?哎呀,我把钥匙放在哪啦?
5. well:表示快慰、让步、期望、讥讽、解释、责备、犹豫等,
可译为“好吧、不过、好啦、嗯”等。
如:Well,your father has found him in the garage. 好啦,你父亲在车库里找到他了。
Well,you must come to lunch tomorrow. 不过,你明天一定要来吃午饭。
6. now:表示警告、命令、请求、说明、安慰筹,
可译为“喂、喏、好了”等,有时也可不必译出。
如:Now,now,you two;Don't fight again.喂,喂,你们俩,别再打了。
Now,now,my boy!It's all right!There's no need to cry!
好了,好了,孩子,没事了,别哭了。
7. there:表示得意、鼓励、同情、悲哀、不耐烦、失望、安慰、挑衅、引起注意
可译为“哟、瞧、好啦、得啦”等。
如:There,there,you said too much.得啦,得啦,你说的太多了。
There—what's that?哟,那是什么!
8. man:表示兴奋、轻蔑、不耐烦、引起注意、可译为“啊、嗨”等。
如:“Use you knife,man!”ordered the British officer nearby.
“嗨,用刀子割!”旁边的英国军官命令道。
Hurry up,man.嗨,快点。
9. boy表示高兴、兴奋、惊奇等,可译为“嘿、哇、哼、怎么样”等。
如:Boy,oh,boy!Our team's going to win!How fantastic!
哇,怎么样!我们队要赢了!真是太好了!
Oh,boy!I just had a wonderful dream!嘿,我刚才做了个好梦。
十、此外还有:
1)ha(惊奇、疑惑、鄙视)
如:Ha! Pround as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.
哈!这些贵族尽管傲慢,他却害怕见到我。
2)aha(得意、惊奇、嘲弄、满意)
如:The trousers are all right; now the waistcoat; aha, right again.
裤子合身;再请穿上背心试试;啊哈,也很合适。
3)hey(喜悦打招呼) 如:Hey! I didn't expect to meet you here. 嗨,我没想到会在这儿遇到你。
4)sh(制止、引起注意)
如:They were about to go down. When Tum suddenly whispered. "Sh! Keep still. Don't move!" 他们正想再下去,这时托姆突然低声道:“嘘,安静,别动!”
5)why(吃惊、抗议)
如:Why, what's the harm? 咳,这有什么害处呢?
6)nonsense(胡说)
如:"Nonsense," the king shouted. "My cook is the best cook in the world."
“胡说!”那国王喊道,“我的厨师是世界上最好的厨师。
”
7)Good heavens(惊异、不高兴)
如:Good heavens! Listen to that silly child," said the father.
“天哪!听听那傻孩子在瞎说些什么!”孩子的父亲说。
六.数词---Numerals
一.基数词的构词法:
A. 从1—10: one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
B. 从11——19 一般在后面加teen: eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,
sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen.
C.从21——99 整数在后面加-ty 特殊: twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty....
21-- twenty-one 32-- thirty-two 43-- forty-three.... D.百位数: 101--- a hundred and one 345-- three hundred and forty-five
E.千位数以上: thousand 千million百万billion十亿
F.1)基数词表示确切的数时,不用复数形式.
2)表示不确切数,如成百、成千上万,则用复数。
二.如:320: three hundred and twenty
There are hundreds of people in the hall。
会堂有成百上千的人
G.人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式。
如:He became a professor in his thirties.他是在他三十几岁时当教授的
It was in the 1960s.它是二十世纪60年代的。
H.基数词的句法功能:可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。
如:The two happily opened the box.(主语)
They three tried to finish the task. (同位语)
She only likes one of the books given by her father.(宾语)
Ten divided by two is fine.(主语补足语)
She's only seventeen.(表语)
I .如何朗读:
1,000以上数目,从右向左每三位用“,”分开,分别读为thousand , million, billion
43 ---- forty - three 59--- forty- nine 88--- eighty- eight 99--- ninety-nine
101---- one hundred and one 123---- one hundred and twenty- three
555----five hundred and fifty-five 777---- seven hundred and seventy-seven
4,321 ----- four thousand three hundred and twenty-one
7,654,321 -- seven million six hundred and fifty four thousand three hundred and twenty-one 1,987,654,321 ---
one billion nine hundred and eighty-seven million,six hundred and fifty-four thousand
three hundred and twenty-one
年份、日期表达法
年用基数词表示,两位一读,介词用in
日用序数词表示,介词用on
1999 ---- nineteen ninety-nine 2008 ---- two thousand and eight
1949年10月1日读作: October (the) first, nineteen forty-nine (月-日,年)
the first of October, nineteen forty-nine(日-月,年)
写作: October 1st,1999(日用缩写,月-日-年)
October 1, 1999 (日用数字)
1st October,1999日-月,年
表示“在…世纪”, 用序数词。
在20世纪写作:in 20th century
读作:in the twentieth century
序数词
1. 含义:表示顺序的词称为序数词。
A.第一至第十九
特殊: first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth
1st 2nd 3rd 5th 8th 9th 12th
B:其他: 添加“th”。
如: sixth tenth fifteenth nineteenth
6th 10th 15th 19th
C:以-ty结尾的表示“几十”的基数词,先把y变为ie,再加-th;
如:twenty--twentieth forty--forieth sixty--sixtieth
20th 40th 60th
D:表示“第几十几”时,十位数的“几十”仍用基数词,只把个位部分变成序数词就行了。
如:twenty-one----twenty-first thirty-two---thirty-second
21st 32nd
forty-three---thirty-third fifty-four----fifty-fourth
43rd 54th
口诀:
基变序,有规律, 一、二、三,特殊记,面目全非要注意,
加th从4起,八少“t”,九去“e”,“ve”要用“f”替,(five, twelve)
见“y”变成“i”和“e”,词尾加上“th”,(twenty, thirty,……ninety)
若是遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。
序数词缩写记清楚,数字后跟两字母。
D.英语年月日的表达:①月日年2008年10月1日
月,日,年Oct. 1st , 2008---October the first, two thousand and eight
E.年代世纪的表达法:20世纪90年代--- in the 1990s ---in the nineteen nineties
F. in one’s + 整十基数词复数在某人几十岁时----在他50多岁时---in his fifties
时间的表达法
分数百分数的表达法:
1 分子基数词
5 分母序数词读作:one fifth
七分之二:two seventh s 四分之一:a quarter 四分之三:three quarters
二分之一:a half 三又三分之一:three and one third
百分数的表达:
80 % : 基数词+ percent---- eighty percent
带点数字的表达:
3.78 : three point seven eight
倍数的表达:
一倍once,两倍twice,
三倍three times (三倍或以上基数词+times)
This box is five times as big as that one. = This box is four times bigger than that one.
① A + be + 倍数+ as +adj.原+ as +B.
② C + be + 倍数+ adj.比+ than +D. C比D ……倍
一般编码用名词+ 基数词
207房Room 207
三年级一班Class One Grade Three
第五部分Part Five = the fifth part
第一课Lesson One = the first lesson
3 号汽车Bus No.3 = the No.3 bus
第一中学No. 1 Middle School
第七类形容词
一.含义:用以修饰名词,表示事物的特征的词。
e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc. 二.形容词在句子中的作用:形容词在句子中可定语、表语、同位语、宾语补足语、状
e.g.1). She is a brave girl and she can do anything. 定语
2). Mount Tai, the famous in our country, has been visited by millions of travelers every year.
同位语
3). Who lets the door open? 宾语补足语
4). I went to bed hungry. 状语
5). You should keep the classroom clean. 宾语补足语
三.有些形容词只能作定语:
如:wooden, medical, real, elder, little , daily, weakly, latter, very, only, exact等
四. 多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序
如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词; 如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多, 则音节少的形容词在前, 音节多的在后.
常用顺序为:限定词-外观-形状-年龄-颜色-国家-材料.
e.g. The little white wooden house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years.
这座白色的木头小房子似乎很多年没有人住过了。
县(限)定词:(冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词,序数词、基数词)
官(观)外观和描绘性:多为表主观看法的形容词
行(形)(大小、长短、形状、高低、方圆等)
令(龄)指年龄、新、旧等
宴(颜)指颜色的词
国(国)指国籍的词
才(材)指材料、种类的词
E.g .The first beautiful large long new red Chinese concrete bridge .
八.副词
一.含义:用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、全句或名词词组及句子的词。
如:very, early, out, soon, quickly, fast, late etc.
二.用法:
如:My mother is out. 作表语
The girl there is my friend. 作定语
He runs fast. 作状语
I found him outside. 作宾补
三. 形容词变为副词:
quick—quickly, true—truly, happy—happily, possible—possibly.
四.既可作形容词,又可作副词:
作形容词作副词
如:fast ----- a fast train The train went fast.
hard----- The work is hard. They worked hard.
late---- the late marriage arrive home late
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
一. 大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:
1. 原级:即原形----没有比较时用原形。
2.比较级:表示“较….”或“更…..一些”----两者比较时;
3. 最高级:表示“最….”的意思----三者或三者以上的人或物作比较;
二.形容词和副词原级的常用句型:as+原级+as …和…一样
e.g. Rubby is as tall as Ailsa. Rubby 和Ailsa一样高。
Wang Chaojie writes as well as Rubby. 王朝洁和Rubby写得一样好。
三.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成:
1.一般情况下,直接在形容词或副词的末尾+ er 或+ est 构成比较级和最高级;。