学术英语abstract写作
学术英语如何写好摘要How-to-Write-an-Abstract
The overall objective of this study is… In this paper/study, we aim at…
The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on…
This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate…
Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract
Classification of abstracts
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper
Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)… is as yet undetermined.
(The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)… remains unsolved.
Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.
论文写作中的英文摘要范例
论文写作中的英文摘要范例英文摘要(Abstract)是论文写作中必不可少的一部分，其作用是概括出论文的主要内容和结论，帮助读者迅速了解论文的核心观点。
本文将提供一篇关于论文写作中英文摘要的范例，以供参考。
AbstractWith the increasing globalization of academic research, it has become essential for scholars to effectively communicate their work to a wider audience. One crucial element in this process is the abstract, which summarizes the main points and findings of a research paper. In this article, we will provide an example of an English abstract for a research paper, demonstrating key elements and tips for writing an effective abstract.IntroductionThe abstract serves as a brief overview of a research paper, allowing readers to quickly grasp the purpose, methodology, and outcomes of the study. It should be concise yet informative, providing enough information to engage the reader while remaining within a specified word limit.Main BodyI. Purpose and BackgroundThe first element of an abstract is a clear statement of the research paper's purpose and its background. It should outline the rationale for the study, highlighting any research gaps or unanswered questions in the field. For example:This research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems, with a focus on marine biodiversity and coral reef health. Given the increasing threats to these ecosystems, understanding the potential impacts of climate change is crucial for effective conservation strategies.II. MethodologyThe abstract should briefly describe the methodology employed in the research. This can include the study design, data collection methods, and analytical approaches. However, detailed technical information should be avoided. For example:A combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and statistical analyses were conducted to assess the long-term effects of temperature increase and ocean acidification on coral reefs. Data on species diversity, abundance, and health were collected from various reefs in the Caribbean region.III. ResultsThe abstract should highlight the key findings of the research. It should summarize the outcomes and conclusions derived from the data analysis. However, specific data or numerical results should be avoided, focusing instead on general trends and significant discoveries. For example:Our study revealed a significant decline in coral species diversity and overall health in response to increased water temperatures and ocean acidification. Furthermore, we found a decrease in the abundance of commercially important fish species, indicating potential impacts on local communities dependent on coral reef resources.IV. Implications and ConclusionThe abstract should conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of the research and its significance. It should provide a concise statement summarizing the main contributions of the study to the field and any recommendations for future research or policy implications. For example:These findings highlight the urgent need for immediate actions to mitigate the effects of climate change on coastal ecosystems. Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and establishing marine protected areas can help safeguard marine biodiversity and protect the livelihoods of communities dependent on coral reef resources.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an effective English abstract is crucial for communicating the key points and contributions of a research paper. By providing a clear purpose, concise methodology, major findings, and broader implications, the abstract serves as a concise summary of the research work, enticing readers to delve deeper into the full paper. By following the guidelines and structure provided in this example abstract, researchers can enhance their chances of effectively conveying their research to a global audience.。
学术英语abstract写作
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
������ 字少、错选：提示 性、报道性、资料性 ������ 结构要素残缺：目 的，方法，结果，结论 ������ 丧失摘要特点������
· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
英语作文学术简介范文模板
英语作文学术简介范文模板英文回答：Academic Abstract Template。
An academic abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. It provides an overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions of the work. Abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and are written in a clear and concise style. They are often used by researchers to disseminate their findings to a wider audience and to attract potential readers to their work.Structure of an Academic Abstract。
The following is a typical structure for an academic abstract:Introduction: The introduction provides a briefoverview of the research topic and the research question being addressed.Methods: The methods section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques used in the study.Results: The results section presents the key findings of the study, including any statistical tests or other analyses that were conducted.Conclusions: The conclusions section summarizes the main findings of the study and discusses their implications.Tips for Writing an Effective Abstract。
学术英语写作Unit 5 Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style. An abstract is a summary of a body of information. Sometimes, abstracts are in fact called summaries-sometimes, executive summaries or executive abstracts. There are different kinds of abstracts— your technical report uses two types: the descriptive abstract and the informative abstract.
Descriptive Abstracts
In this type of abstract, you don't summarize any of the facts or conclusions of the report. The descriptive abstract does not say something like this: Problem: Based on an exhaustive review of currently available
学术英语Abstract
AbstractIT ,A hot topic,which lasts for several years.That,s is sure ,as one of IT area,cloud storage has become more and more popular.After some enquiring comprehending aroudsdudents.It authenticate that although many students are using cloud storage,but they don,t understand pared the capacitance,they pay more attention to the advantages,disadvantages,secure,sustainability and internet speed.Andthen Searching for Google for some hours，it found that almost the big companies have advanced cloud storage technologies，some of them provide customer free storage enclosure，other gather some lease fee.Once some experts forecast cloud storage unsupersedetate.So,both customer angle and supplier angle,studying cloud storage has giant significance.This article is about enterprise-level cloud data storage. For consumer-level file hosting services, see file hosting service.Based on investigating quantities of materials，With self analysis and elaborative arrange，formed this article,which aim at helping the cloud storage customers understandthe details of their commodity.This article will show you the glamour of cloud storage.Meanwhile,promting the development of cloud storage.Key words: History Architecture Advantages concerns翻译：IT 行业，一个已经持续了几年的脱手可热的话题。
学术英语abstract
Security Benefits of Cloud ComputingAbstractThe future of the Internet is the Web 3.0,also called the intelligent Web,which can be seen as an evolution of creating and using applications that can be operated on various devices,such as mobile phones and PDAs.While those are all depended on Cloud computing.The cloud means the Internet.Supported by Cloud computing,cloud-based customer simply need send related figures to data center and receive results from servers.Under such circumstances,the security of data and applications become a very important issue.[problem]This article focuses on the study of security benefits of Clouding computing.[objective] This paper introduce eight main advantages of the cloud computing,like there is no need to download or install a specific software and update the local system,users or clients don’t afraid to the computing crashing, because everything is stored into cloud,the cost is low or even free,and using mobile phone or PDAs,the cloud computing can be used.Besides,there are some disadvantages mentioned,for example,it is hard to integrate with the existing in-house infrastructure.there are not enough major suppliers in this field.Some major Security benefits for individuals or companies,like centralizing data storage,increasing uncertainty,virtualization allows a rapid replacement of compromised server located into the cloud without major costs or damages.[brief]Cloud computing is still at the beginning,and with the rapid development of it,many fantastic services will be provided.In this context,Cloud computing is potentially able to offer major security benefits.[findings]云计算的安全利益摘要网络的未来属于web 3.0，也叫智能网络，它可被当作是一场关于创造和使用应用程序使其能在各种不同的设备上运行的变革，其中包括在移动电话和掌上电脑。
Abstract Writing-学术英语写作
Method
Sentence
Using…(technique)，we studied… Using…，it was found that… The…was(were)measured using…
16
Example
sentence & vocabulary.
The impacts of our obtained results are ...
Tips:
Abstracts are typically a paragraph or two and should be no more than 10% of the length of the full essay. If you will be combine the main content of the paper and the four template (PARI) connection into the nature sentence, you will get a high quality of the abstract.
9
How
to write a good abstract?
1）Use short sentences.
2）Past tense.
Such as: Describes the author's work usually use the past tense (Because the work was done in the past).On the contrary, work in the statement by these conclusions should be use the present tense.
英语学术论文中Abstract写作总结！
英语学术论文中Abstract写作总结！作者简介：晨星，男，湖北武汉人，副高职称，博士，高级程序员，IAMG（国际数学地质协会）会员。
目前研究方向为地理信息数据挖掘与知识发现、地学信息三维可视化。
当年我在攒第一篇 SCI 论文的时候，是先写的 Abstract，然后再写的正文。
在我将自以为很用心撰写的论文交给副导师审阅后，就被他立即请到办公室去畅谈了一番心声：「不是 Abstract 的位置放在正文前面，就将Abstract 放在论文前面写的！你没看到你的Abstract 有问题吗？和全文对得起来吗？」那么，好的 Abstract 应该是怎么样呢？在 SCI 论文写作中，Abstract 是很重要的一部分。
所谓 Abstract，就是对所写论文主要内容的精炼概括。
Abstract 是美国人的说法，英国的科技期刊喜欢称之为Summary。
在英文中，有资料是这么对其定义的：Abstract is a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory in a paper.一篇英文科技论文特别是SCI 论文，是否能被编辑发出审稿乃至最后被录用，在很大程度上取决于论文的 Abstract 质量。
事实上，摘要由于其独特的功能，通常被认为是科技论文最重要的组成部分之一（有的文献认为是最重要的，没有之一）。
据我了解，英文科技论文的 Abstract 主要功能有以下三点：1. 提纲携领，方便检索Abstract 作为对英文科技论文的最主要内容进行不加注释和评论的简短陈述那一部分。
与整篇论文的其他部分相比，它起着至关重要的概括要点的作用。
从本质上讲，Abstract 是把论文的内容浓缩成一篇简短、简洁、概括性强的一个段落的文本。
Abstract 被看成是论文的缩略版或缩写，概括了主体的内容，例如背景、主题/问题、方法、结论和意义。
精心撰写的Abstract是检索科技文献的有用工具（反之，如果 Abstract 写得不佳，对检索该篇论文是个误导），它能使读者能够更快、更方便地识别论文的基本内容，确定论文与其个人兴趣相关性，并最终决定是否需要继续阅读整篇论文。
《英语学术论文写作教程》教学课件 Unit 6 Abstract
Abstract
Questions: 3. What tenses are used in this abstract? How are these
tenses used?
Past tense and present tense are used in this abstract. The opening statement and the purpose of the research are in the present. The past tense is used in the discussion about the methodology, results and conclusion.
英语学术论文写作教程
Unit 6 Abstract
Overview
An abstract is an overview of a research paper. It always appears at the beginning of the paper, acting as the point-of-entry. An abstract may explicitly or implicitly give information about Research Background, Introduction, Objectives, Methods, Results, and Conclusions, providing readers with brief preview about the whole study, upon which many readers depend to decide whether to read the entire paper or not. Therefore, as your first readers, publishers of some journals may determine a rejection of your manuscript by skimming the abstract alone.
最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-8-Writing-Abstract
Unit 8 Writing AbstractObjectives- Learn the purpose of writing an academic abstract- Get to understand different types of abstracts and the abstract elements- Understand features of academic English in writing an abstract- Learn how to write an academic abstract- Learn how to write key wordsContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion:What is an academic abstract?What are the elements of an abstract?- Language focus: commonly used verbs and tenses; sentence patterns- Rewriting practice: understand different styles of academic abstracts- Rewriting practice: understand the elements of an academic abstract- Writing practice: write an abstract and key words based on the given material1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskAbstract is an important part of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest that you leave abstract writing to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.Before you learn the detailed steps to write an abstract, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of writing an abstract?What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?What language problems may you have in abstract writing? (For example: the wording problem, the tense problem and the voice problem, etc.)1.2Reading PassageSample Abstract 1This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarifies the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.(Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs and tenses in abstractsRead the following sample abstract and pay attention to the verbs used in it. Sample abstract 2Cybercrime –crime on the Internet –is of growing concern in the business community. Despite UK Government initiatives (such as BS7799) and growing sales in software solutions (e.g. anti-virus software), cyber attacks are on the increase. This dissertation focuses on ways to assess the effectiveness of current preventative measures to cybercrime and to understand why organizations continue to be vulnerable to cybercrime. This dissertation met these twin research aims through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a Case Study with Company XXX using semi-structured interviews with key I.T. security personnel. This research produced a number of key findings: recent surveys confirm a significant increase in the incidences of cybercrime and their impact on the business community but also the types of cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity theft, fraud, privacy issues, web vandalism, etc.); organizations lacked the security expertise to deal with cybercrime and so depended too much on readily available technical ways to combat cybercrime (and failing); organizations were not aware of Government recommendations on how to address Internet-based security issues; and Governments and law enforcement agencies tended to localize cybercrime, allocating scant resources to contributing to a global solution. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to fighting cybercrime are deficient because they fail to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow local software-based focus, and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at local, national and international level has hindered security development. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of cybercrime. It takes into account Risk-Assessment models, local management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for global support infrastructures, and a means of fostering communication networks.(/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1 Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem is not obviously "interesting", it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Read the following paragraph and write down the Motivation in the blank.A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required to solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment. One such technique is the method that involves the use of permeable treatment walls. These methods use a reactive medium such as iron to remediate contaminated groundwater.3.1.2 What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. Read the following paragraph and write the problem (aim) in the blank.Several methods of implementing this remediation strategy have been described. These methods include injection and trenching. The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program.3.1.3 How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Read the following paragraph and write the approach in the blank.The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program. The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4 What is the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you do not have room for all the caveats. Read the following paragraph and write the result in the blank.The results showed that increasing the wall length, gate length and permeability increases the size of the plume captured. An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5 What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case? Read the following and write the conclusion in the blank:A sensitivity analysis has been conducted that shows that increasing the size of the capture zone decreases the residence time which will limit the design. The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented so that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.2 The following is a structured abstract from a report examining the network legitimacy in China telecommunication market (Low, Johnston, and Wang 97). Read it and transfer it into an informative abstract.Abstract structurePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach –The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complemented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings –The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications –The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications –In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.3.3Writing keywordsKeywords often stand alone after the Abstract. In choosing the key words, a wide choice of keywords increases the probability that a paper will be retrieved and read, thereby potentially improving citation counts and journal impacts. To ensure that your paper can be found and cited by as many readers as possible, as suggested by James Hartley, it might be worth considering selecting keywords from a series of categories such as Discipline (e.g. economic, chemistry, biomedical), Methods (e.g. experiment, case study, questionnaire, grounded theory), Data source (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary students, senior citizens), Location (e.g. country, city, town, institution), Topic (e.g. air pollution, super-virus, earthquake). Such a selection of keywords allows the search engine, such as Google Advanced Scholar, to list your paper in the results no matter which of the above keywords the reader types in.The researchers sometimes have to trade-off between the keywords, particularly when they write for the journals that bound the number of keywords in the limit of 3~5. In this situation, choose the keywords from recent or often-cited titles close to your contribution. If you pick your keywords in this way, the searches that retrieve these articles will also retrieve yours. Consequently, the chances of your paper being read will increase. Read the above sample abstracts and write down the key words:4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstractBefore you write the Abstract section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1) Identify the major objectives and conclusions.2) Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.3) Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.4) Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.5) State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.6) Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description ofmethods.7) Remove extra words and phrases.8) Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information.9) Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.10) Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with yourwork) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing an abstract section of your research paper.4.2 Outline an abstractWhen we outline an abstract, there are usually five major aliments to follow. The following sample paper is finished without the abstract and key words. Read the paper, find the statements concerned and fill in the blank after it.Sample paperGLOBAL MEGACITIES AND LOW CARBON: FROM CONCEPT PLANNING TO INTEGRATED MODELLINGPhil Jones, Simon Lannon, Robbert van Nouhuys, Hendrik RosenthalMega citiesIn 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2000, it was 47%. By 2010 more than half of the world’s population will be living in cities. The total may even reach 60% by 2030 and possibly 85% by the middle of this century. Such rapidly increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, creates many opportunities and challenges.We are living in a globalized and changing world whereby increasingly we require wise use of human and natural resources. At the same time, we need to reduce the risk urbanization poses and enhance the quality of life for all those who live in, or are impacted by Megacities. Megacities are more than just large cities with populations of 10 million inhabitants or more. They are critical to national economies. Their scalecreates new dynamics, new complexity and new simultaneity of events and processes –physical, social and economic. They host highly efficient economic activities utilizing intense and complex interactions between different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes.Nations undergoing economic progress often generate rapid urbanization linked with considerable opportunities, as well as strong pressures for change accompanied by environmental degradation. In current times in the developing world, Megacities grow faster than ever before and much faster than their infrastructure can support. Traditionally this results in uncontrolled urban sprawl, high traffic volumes and congested transport systems, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, unregulated and disparate land and property markets, insufficient housing development, excessive waste generation, loss of productivity, general economic constipation, degradation and decline.Over the past decades traditional Megacities have been suffering from inadequate representative governance, inhibiting spatial planning, building control, delivery of services (such as water supply, sewage disposal and energy distribution), and the establishment of general order (including security and disaster prevention). Existing administrations and their organizational structures may have been outgrown by the rapidly expanding city and may simply be unable to cope with the huge scale of their new responsibilities. On the other hand, megacities contain a rich mix of coexisting people and support systems when properly planned and managed. Groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social surroundings have opportunity to thrive and develop. Differences in economic development, social polarization, quality of infrastructure and governance are recognized and taken into account. The scale and dynamism of Megacities, coupled with complex interacting processes and the sheer concentration of human capital make them incubators of huge growth and innovation. Megacities are the focal points of globalization as well as the driving forces for development; they harbor a wide spectrum of human skill and potential, creativity, social interaction and cultural diversity.For Hanoi to develop within a rapid urbanization scenario it must look far ahead –not 20 years, not 50 years but 100 years –into the 22nd Century. The use of conventional planning and economic development guidelines have proven to be outdated, resulting in the risk of harboring pronounced poverty, social inequality, and aggravating rapid environmental degradation. Population density, if not managed, increases vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards. Thus, Megacities are both victims and producers of risk, if unmanaged and exposed to the global environmental, socio-economic and political changes to which they contribute.Megacities will be essential and efficient drivers of a nation’s gross domestic product, processes and activities. Megacities will be ideal places to drive activities and innovation to solve social, environmental, medical, socio-economic and political issues. For these reasons, Megacities are necessary and have potential to substantially contribute towards global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.Low Carbon and Energy ModelingAspects of sustainable master planning that impact carbon and energy implications need to be understood to help inform concepts at the earliest stage of the design process. For example, the full benefits of reducing operating energy demand of buildings can only be realized if the energy supply can respond to the reduced demand, which includes the additional benefits of reducing the energy supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces its embodied energy. Likewise, if a low (or zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for example, renewable energy, this is easier to achieve if first the energy demand is reduced. Also, as the operating energy performance of buildings is improved the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the building, for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., becomes of the same order as the embodied energy used in construction and fit-out of the building and its infra-structure. So a balanced approach across energy demand and supply infrastructure, operating energy and embodied energy, is needed to achieve optimum performance.This paper describes how the aspects of low carbon planning and design (i.e. operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, and other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc.) can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely EEP-Urban, at a whole city and building plot level. In particular, it explores how the reduction in energy supply infrastructure together with reduced energy demand can lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions associated with both operating and embodied energy. The concept of the Megacity in the context of Hanoi in 2110 is used to illustrate the model.The Concept of Metabolic Super ClustersHanoi in 2110 will feature super tall skyscrapers, elevated connectors and railways, nodal communication networks, as well as electrical and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods, where people live, shop, relax and work, are built on and above this surface. Built structures are not just individual towers standing independent from another but instead are interlinked and inter-dependent to form an urban spatial organization that allows for vertical connectivity.The urban model proposes 1 million people on a 1 square kilometer floor plate, hence called a Super Cluster. Under current suburban density standards a similar population would require in the order of 100 square kilometers. Thus, this vision for Hanoi in 2110 saves 99% of land for other uses, most notably conservation of ecological functions and provides food, leisure, material and energy support systems for the city thereby localizing the ecological footprint of the city.Another distinct aspect of Hanoi in 2110 is that it does not have static building functions. Instead, land use layers, building envelopes and orientations change over time – hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly – to optimize performance efficiencies, therefore becoming a Metabolic Super Cluster. It is envisaged that Hanoi by the end of this century will consist of 30 metabolic super clusters in addition to its traditional urban city centre.Concentrated compact development will enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers because all infrastructures, environmentally damaging and other undesirablesurface activities are located underground or integrated into the vertical structure, thereby significantly improving the quality of living space at the ground, open-air level. Underground space may also provide a safer environment for some public and commercial activities as well as providing shelter from inclement weather conditions. This may prove to be essential for infrastructure in particular, given the predicted impacts associated with climate change. Elevated multi-level connectors between building clusters are converted into common corridors with public amenities, farms and open space.Quality of life depends on individual perceptions, attitudes, aspirations and value systems. These differ with age, ethnicity, culture and religion, as well as lifestyles, education and cultural background. An individual’s priorities and attitudes to life depend heavily upon socio-economic background and cultural environment. Historic places, cultural sites or public spaces may give Megacities a certain unique identity, heritage, and authenticity. As a result, such spatial capital contributes to social cohesion and makes people feel at home.Nevertheless, the general opinion may be that the quality of life for many residents in Megacities would be low – for rich and poor alike. Air, water and soil pollution, water and energy supply shortages, traffic congestion, environmental health problems, limited green spaces, poverty and malnutrition, social security and public safety problems place many burdens and restrictions on people.The Megacity of the future has adapted to greater diversity in socio-cultural circumstances by including and enhancing the often widespread and dynamic informal activities that enrich such communities. Further development of new visions and innovative management tools are now urgently needed in order to enhance quality of life and create cohesive communities.Urban governance and management is one of the key success factors of any global Megacity. As society and aspirations evolve over time, the city has to be designed to adapt to change. Utopian cities built around fixed ideologies have never worked. Megacities need to be versatile in order to adapt.The main challenges for a Megacity in terms of urban governance are: dealing with the speed of change with intelligent urban infrastructure systems; eradicating social exclusion; and introducing proper forms of urban governance.Way ForwardWhether or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1 km2 super cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density for sustainability, land use and quality of life may be less and will vary with global location. The above approach is essential to inform the design of high rise high density Megacities if they are to realize their full potential for providing sustainable healthy zero carbon cities of the future that can co-exist in a sustainable way with their neighboring rural areas.4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and keywords for the sample paper. Abstract:Key words:5.Final Checklistbackground, purpose, findings, conclusions, recommendations and follow strictly the chronology of the report/papers.∙Avoid excessive use of jargon, and exaggerative language∙Keep within the specified word limit. Most institutions will have their own "house rules" as to the length of the abstract. The abstract should stand alone and be able to be understood without reference to citations,∙Ensure the abstract contains all your key words (for the searchable databases). ∙Add no new information but simply summarize the report/papers. Be intelligible to a wide audience。
全英文科技论文摘要(Abstract)写作要领
Example of a Scientific Abstract
Usability and User-Centered Theory for 21st Century OWLs
By Dana Lynn Driscoll, H. Allen Brizee, Michael Salvo, and Morgan Sousa from The Handbook of Research on Virtual Workplaces and the New Nature of Business Practices. Eds. Kirk St. Amant and Pavel Zemlansky. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2008.
The End
This article describes results of usability research conducted on the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). The Purdue OWL is an information-rich educational website that provides free writing resources to users worldwide. Researchers conducted two generations of usability tests. In the first test, participants were asked to navigate the OWL and answer questions. Results of the first test and user-centered scholarship indicated that a more user-centered focus would improve usability. The second test asked participants to answer writing-related questions using both the OWL website and a user-centered OWL prototype. Participants took significantly less time to find information using the prototype and reported a more positive response to the user-centered prototype than the original OWL. Researchers conclude that a user-centered website is more effective and can be a model for informationrich online resources. Researchers also conclude that usability research can be a productive source of ideas, underscoring the need for participatory invention.
学术英语科技文写作摘要
• Approach: How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem?
• Results: What's the answer?
• Conclusions: What are the implications of your answer?
Analysis: 1. main points (1) roles for self-access pathway (2) influence to the design and
running of self-access center (3) how pathway were designed
• science and language style of abstract writing. The standardization of English abstract writing will be beneficial to the sci-tech papers to be quoted by International abstract journals, and to the impacts of scientific research in China.
• 简明介绍论文涉及的议题和论点， 主要概括论文的涉及范围、研究方 向和研究目的，不涉及论据和结论。
• 容易理解，但无法提供更多的详细 信息
Sample 1
Role of Pathway in Self-Access Centers Abstract
This article discusses some roles for self-access pathways, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. It suggests how pathways might influence
专业英语写作Chapter 6 Abstract Writing
Abstract: (Body part) Key words:
***The body part***
1. Only one paragraph is needed. 2. Imperative sentences, exclamations, formulas and tables, etc. are not permitted. 3. Comments, explanations and interpretations are not needed. 4. Third person should be used, for example: this paper, it, etc. 5. Passive voice is often used. 6. Present tense, past tense, and present perfect tense are often used in writing an abstract. 7. Sentences used should be clear and concise.
Voices used in abstracts
1. Presently, the passive voice is frequently used in English abstracts. It is thought that more information is gathered in the beginning part in this way, which highlights the meaning. 2. The active voice is occasionally but increasingly used. And the person “we” is used. The sentence with active voice is regarded to be clear, forceful, and concise.
学术英语写作Unit-5----Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a research project; has a brief, non-repetitive style.
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.
Abstract(学术论文写作)
The method has been successfully tested on materials of known critical cooling rates. The data have been analyzed by the McMillan-Mayer theory to determine the enthalpic interaction coefficients.
2 时态 以一般现在时为主，也使用一般过去时和 现在完成时 说法一：从理论上讲： 一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结 论，揭示自然界的客观规律 一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象 的规律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的局限性 现在完成时 表明过程的延续性，虽某事件（过 程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响
指示性文摘（indicative abstract）
This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subject of a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.
Abstract: Objective: Determination of components of meleumycin of domestic products to improve the quality s p e c i f i ca t i o n o f m e l e u m y c i n o f t h e C h i n e s e Pharmacopoeia 2005. Method: using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to identify the eight major components of the reference substance of meleumycin, using this method, eight components of twelve samples were qualified. Result: The contents of the components of midecamycin A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%～50% and 10%～20% respectively, the contents of the rest components were lower, different manufactures produces have different components. Conclution: To revise the specification of meleumycin for quality control.
英文abstract范文
英文abstract范文In the realm of academic writing, an abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or study, presenting the key points and findings without delving into the details. It serves as a window into the content, enticing readers to explore further.The abstract should begin with a brief introduction of the research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance in the field. It is crucial to establish the context and purpose of the study to pique the interest of the reader.Next, the methodology section of the abstract should succinctly describe the approach taken in the research. Whether it's a qualitative study, quantitative analysis, or a mix of both, the abstract should outline the techniques used to gather and analyze data.Following the methodology, the abstract must present the main findings of the research. These should be presented in a clear and concise manner, avoiding any jargon that could confuse the reader. The goal is to convey the essence of the results without overwhelming the reader with data.The conclusion of the abstract should succinctly summarize the implications of the findings. It should highlight how the research contributes to the existing bodyof knowledge and what the potential impact might be on the field.Lastly, the abstract may include a few keywords that encapsulate the core themes of the research. These keywords help in the indexing of the paper and facilitate easy retrieval by interested readers.Remember, the abstract is often the first and sometimes the only part of a paper that readers will see. It is, therefore, the key to capturing their attention and convincing them of the value of your research.。
学术英语abstract写作
statements about the latter.
recommendation
thesis
background
Third-hand Smoke
The harm of smoking has long been studied by researchers and many people
Writing an Abstract
2021/10/10
1
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a summary of a scientific
article or a research paper. It covers the
main points of a piece of writing.
the mechanism of
the analysis of
the dependence of
an account of
automation of
2021/10/10
…
is outlined
is described
is addressed
is examined
was carried out
was established
个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压
缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重
要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往
往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可
以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇
简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
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摘要的内容
内容通常包括：
1. 背景知识或文献回顾（Background Information/Literature Review）
2. 研究的主要目的和范围（Principal Purpose） What is the problem to be solved? What has been done? What are the results?
results
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning
progress concerning the particular instructional approach were
method
investigated. Results showed that the Student Response System was an
• Use present tense, past tense and present perfect tense
• Specify any abbreviations
• Use objective, academic instead of emotional words and expressions
of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and
evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response what System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral
未采用第三人称：
“我们得出”
与标题、引言雷同
分段叙述
摘要的长短
摘要一般不宜过长，多在100～150词左右，更 确切地说，约为原文长度的1％～5％。美国有 些高校规定，硕士论文提要以250词为宜，博 士论文以350词为宜。
一般SCI论文摘要以200～300字为宜。
如何写摘要
摘要的语言
权威人士和一些摘要机构对摘要时态的用 法提出的建议：
1. 叙述研究方法和目的时，使用现在时态，现在完成 时
2. 介绍研究过程时，描述使用方法，可以用过去时态 3. 报道研究结果时，采用现在时态
4. 陈述结论，提出建议或是描述一般规律时，用现在 时态
摘要_句子结构（常用句型）
常用句型
References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method).
Abstract 中文有二种说法: 文摘—独立存在，单独出版，如SCI、EI、CA等 摘要—与原文在一起
the principle of
the apparatus for
the use of
the mechanism of
…
the analysis of
the dependence of
an account of
automation of
is outlined is described is addressed is examined was carried out was established is given is discussed
found that the vast majority of both smokers and nonsmokers were aware of
the harm of second-hand smoke to children but a comparatively smaller part
of them recognized the risks of third-hand smoke.
������ 结构要素残缺：目 的，方法，结果，结论
������ 丧失摘要特点������
独立性、自含性；
– ������ – ������ – ������
准确性、完整性； 学术性、通用性； 简练性、概括性
������ 开头冠以“本人”、 “本试验”、“本研 究”、“笔者”、“作 者”
1. 研究目的和方法（Purpose and Method of Study） 2. 结论（Results） 3. 总结和建议（Conclusion and Recommendation）
其中“3”可视篇幅的限制取舍。
Note:
摘要写作的重点是推介自己的研究成果， 并借此让读者深入地了解研究的过程和 意义。
yet poisonous gasses and particles that remain in houses or cars, including
heavy metal and radioactive materials. And a survey was conducted on
attitudes towards smoking in 1,500 households across the United States. It
are aware that second-hand smoke is harmful to nonsmokers, especially
children. This study seeks to identify tobacco toxins that are invisible and its
focus is on the risks those chemicals pose to infants and children. In this process research, the term “third-hand smoke” was first used to describe the invisible
共同点：从原文中抽出主题内容，以简练的文字写写 成，只是准确、扼要地表述原文内容，不加以解释或 评论。
以下统称为摘要
Abstract and Summary
Abstract（摘要）: 现在的趋势是一篇论文或专 著的摘要，无论是自写还是他写，统称为 abstract，尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract这个术语，在论文的题目下也一律用 这个词。 Abstract对一篇论文的主要内容以精 炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读论文 全文即可迅速了解论文内容。文中只对论文信 息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱 离原文而独立成篇。
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素 简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要
材料或辅助细节。 客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中
没有的信息资料。 全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想，
主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
������ 字少、错选：提示 性、报道性、资料性
·Omit obscure abbreviations.
·Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sdback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning
摘要_写作特点
谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份十分复杂。 大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词。 使用不提及人的陈述句。 经常以第三人称作为主语。以一个主题句开头，可以
用主动态，主语为“作者、本文、本文的目的” 等。也 可用被动态，句尾一般不加‘“ in this paper ” 时态可用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时。 切忌逐字抄原文的句子，必须浓缩或改写原文的句子。 尽量避免使用人们不熟悉的术语、缩略语、符号等。 文摘下要求写出主题词、关键词，一般3～5个。
effective way to produce feedback for presenters, assessors and
results
educators. Results also revealed a very positive students’ attitude towards
the instructional format. The learning effect concerning assessment was
1. 研究方法（Methodology） 2. 研究的主要结果（Results） 3. 结论和建议（Conclusions, Recommendation, Implication）
要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题： 1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?) 2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) 3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw) 4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)
Writing an Abstract
What is an abstract?