词义的选择与引申1

读书足以怡情， 足以博彩，足以 长才。其怡情也， 最见于独处幽居 之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈阔论 之中；其长才也， 最见于处世判事 之际。
杜甫的诗《春望》中的“国破山河在” Though a country be sundered(分开）, hills and rivers endure. ----Bynner （虽然）（一个）国家（被）隔绝（，）（群）山 （和）河流忍耐（着）（。） A nation though fallen, the land yet remains. -----W.J.B.Fletcher （一个）国家（虽然）沦陷（，）（那）土地（仍 然）留存（。） The state may fall, but the hills and streams remain. -----David Hawkes (这个) 国家（也许）沦陷（，）（但）（这）（群） 山（和）小溪留存（。）
译文3： 我爱我的爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我的爱人，因已许配他人； 她在我心中是美人，我带她私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人， 是东方丽人。（张柏然）
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east.
Diction
• Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. • A noted linguist said, “the meaning of a word is its use in the language and each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu No
context, no translation.
Context
There are three kinds of context • Linguistic context • Situational context • Cultural context
• Linguistic context – Linguistic context refers to cohesion结 合and coherence相干性within a text • Situational context – It is related to the situation, the participants, and the thing mentioned. • Cultural context – It is related to culture and background. • A good translation must be based on the consideration of the three contexts.
Translation
I love my love with an E, because she‘s enticing; I hate her with an E, because she’s engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement （私奔） ; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield)
学生2： 纤纤丽人，家住东方 婚定他人，即将拜堂 吾既闻之，百转愁肠 纤纤丽人，我心所向 丽人闻之，与我同伤 相约南墙，远走他方
飘逸版
• 我爱我的伊人，因为她美丽又动人；我恨 我的伊人，因为她已相许他人；我愿奉她 为完人，带她私奔离众人；她叫爱米莉真 醉人，家住东方羡煞旁人。
文言版
城东丽人兮，美名爱弥莉； 娇姿倾城兮，吾心之所系； 初既与余订婚兮，信誓而弃；
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east.
学生1：
联宠爱妃，因其想入菲菲；
联恨爱妃，欲与人比翼双飞； 爱妃容颜世上绝非，愿带其远走高飞；
爱妃兰名芳菲，如东方翠翡。
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east.
词义的引申与 选择 (Diction)
Warming-up
她的英语水平很高。 他需要提高领导水平。 人民的生活水平一直在提高。
She has a good command of English. He needs to improve the art of leadership. People’s quality of life\ living standards has been improving.
译文1：
我爱我的心上人，因为她那样地叫人入迷（enticing）；我恨
我的心上人，因为她已订婚将作他人妻（engaged）；她花容月貌 她的名字叫埃米莉（Emily），她的家就在东城里（east）。我爱 我的心上人呀，一切都因为这个E！（陆乃圣）
无可比拟（ exquisite ），我劝她私奔跟我在一起（ elopement ）；
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.
(2) one---multiple equivalents of the same meaning （optional equivalence) wife: 妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内 人，贱内 • potato: • 马铃薯，洋芋，土豆、山药蛋 人： • human being, man, people, person,--犬：
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east.
译文2：
我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个
“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽，和我出逃去游
历； 她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。（马红军）
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east.
外延意义不对应
红茶 红眼 红眼病 白酒 税
black tea to be green-eyed (red-eye 廉价
的威士忌酒)
Pinkeye spirits/liquor (不是white wine 白葡萄酒) Tax/ duty/ tariff 关税，税率
情感意义不对应
“精神文明”被译spiritual civilization，在外国人的心 目中含有宗教色彩，现在改“ethical and cultural progress”或是“cultural life”以及其他译法。 过去我们在对外宣传中，一直把“宣传”译为 “propaganda”(贬义的成分为多，使人易与吹牛、 说谎、怀有政治目的等负面含义联系起来)，现在 多使用“publicity”等中性词；
词汇意义的七种类型
外延意义（概念意义）（denotative meaning ） 内涵意义（connotative meaning) 风格意义（stylistic meaning) 情感意义（affective meaning) 联想意义（reflective meaning) 搭配意义（collocative meaning) 主题意义（thematic meaning) --杰弗里 N 利奇 “semantics”
例
同时，市场自身的弱点和消极方面也会反 映到人们的精神生活中来。 Meanwhile，the weak points and negative factors involved in market operation will find expression in people’s cultural life.
悔伊邂逅王孙兮，拜金逐利；
私奔离我而去兮！
恨兮！
痛兮！
粤语版
• 我好鬼中意我条女，因为距好suo架；不过 我又好鬼憎距，距竟然同左个麻甩佬订左 婚；我一直都当距系我第时果个架，仲叫 距一齐同我着草添；距既名叫爱米莉，住 系我屋企东边。
Correspondence at word level
• (1) word-for-word correspondence • eg. laser激光 ; aspirin 阿斯匹林
• dog, hound, pointer (猎犬) , puppy
(3) one word----several equivalents of different meanings
cousin: • 堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹… president： • 总统，总裁，主席，董事长，会长，校长，院长… Carry: • 搬，运，提，拎，挑，担，搂，抱，举，端，夹… 笑： • smile, giggle( 傻笑 ), laugh, ridicule, deride, guffaw (laugh very loudly) 走： • walk, saunter 闲逛, stride, trudge 步履维艰, amble慢 行
（4）words without equivalents • 阴 / 阳 : the soft inactive female principle or force in the world • clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 • alibi: 不在犯罪现场的证据 • Yellow publications: 品位较低的出版物 • pornography春画，色情文学