词汇学第五章 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis PPT

conceptual meaning
associative meaning
four categories
5.1 Word Meaning 词义
Word
Word-form Word meaning what the form stands for
pronunciation
spelling
5.1.1 Reference 所指关系 • Definition: It is the relationship between language and the world. • Part of the word meaning is the reference under discussion. • The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.
Associative meaning
• • • • Connotative meaning 内涵意义 Stylistic meaning 文体意义 Affective meaning 情感意义 Collocative meaning 搭配意义
5.4 Componential Analysis
• Componential analysis • Semantic field • Semantic features
Experts’ different ideas
Approval Disapproval • useful & revealing • Useful only in a limited scope • showing the synonymy of two items • Not enough to break down the sense of a • telling us whether a word into its certain collocation or component in terms syntactic structure is of their referents’ acceptable or not. physical aspects.
e.g. tables, men, potatoes, oxen went, worked, knew; teach, teaches, teaching, taught, Grammatical meaning becomes transparent only when words are used in connected speech, that is, grammatical meaning surfaces only in use. However, lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the concept the word conveys.
• Etymological motivation 词源理据
e.g. pen, a laconic answer
5.3 Types of meaning
Meaning
Grammatical M.
Lexical M.
Associative M.
Conceptual M.
Connotative M.
Stylistic M. Affective M. Collocative M.
• Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据
e.g. hiss, neigh, cuckoo All the words based on the sounds made by birds, animals, insects and so on belong to this category.
Grammatical meaning & Lexical meaning
Conceptual meaning & associative meaning
• Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. It is constant and relatively stable. • Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is open-ended and indeterminate.
Word Meaning and Componential Analysis
Chapter 5
reference
meaning
concept
Chapter5
sense motivation four categories grammatical meaning
types of meaning
lexical meaning
源自文库
5.2 Motivation 理据
What is Motivation ? Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. Which words can be said to be motivated?
• Morphological motivation 形态理据
e.g. miniskirt, reading-lamp
black market, egghead
• Semantic motivation 语义理据
e.g. the foot of the mountain He is fond of the bottles. Semantic motivation is the mental association based on the conceptual meaning of a word.
5.1.2 Concept 概念 • concept meaning Meaning belongs to language, so it is restricted to language use; Concept is the result of human cognition.
Therefore, a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.
语义三角形包含以下几点含义： 1）概念/思想（concept/thought）和客观 事物（referent/thing）之间是直接的联系。概念是在客观事物的基础上概 括而成的，是客观事物在头脑中的反映。二者用直线连接，表示 a concept refers to a thing， 即 概 念 反 映 客 观 事 物 。 2 ） 概 念 与 符 号 / 词 （ symbol/word）之间也有直接联系。概念是通过符号表达出来的，二者用 实线连结，表示 a word symbolize a concept，即词表示概念。 3 ）符号或 词与指称物 / 事物（ referent/thing）之间没有直接的、必然的联系，二者 之间具有任意性，是约定俗成的。虚线表示a word stands for a referent ，即词代表指称物。符号与指代物之间没有内在的必然联系，真正的联系存 在于人的头脑之中。
5.1.3 Sense 语义 What is sense?
①The meaning of “meaning” is what is termed sense; ②Sense denotes the relationship inside the language; ③Sense is also an abstraction that can be entertained in the mind of a language user. Ever word that has meaning has sense but not every word has reference.
The semiotic triangle
Thought or Reference
(Concept)
(Word, Sentence)
Symbol
Referent
(Object)
语义三角是一种关于意义的理论， 由英国学者奥格登（ Ogden ）和理 查 兹 （ Richards ） 在 1923 年出 版 的语义学重要著作《意义的意义》 （ The Meaning of Meaning) 中提 出，代表了传统语义学的典型观 点。语义三角论是一种全新的意 义模式，也称意义三角论。该理 论是指符号、意义和客观事物之 间处于一种相互制约、相互作用 的关系之中。它强调语言符号是 对事物的指代，指称过程就是符 号、意义和事物发生关系的过程。