史上最全 Slovenia斯洛文尼亚 中英双语介绍

史上最全Slovenia斯洛文尼亚中英双语介绍HistoryIt is believed that the Slavic ancestors of the present-day Slovenians settled in the area in the 6th century. The Slavic Duchy of Carantania, the first proto-Slovenian state and the first stable Slavic state, was formed in the 7th century. In 745, Carantania lost its independence, being subsumed into the Frankish empire. During the 14th century, most of Slovenia’s regions passed into ownership of the Habsburgs and formed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with Slovenians inhabiting all or most of the provinces of Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, and parts of the provinces of Istria, Carinthia and Styria. In 1848 a strong programme for a united Slovenia emerged as part of the "Spring of Nations" movement within Austria. With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918, Slovenians joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later renamed (1929) the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Following the re-establishment of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, Slovenia became a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, officially declared on 29 November 1945. On 23 December 1990, 88% of Slovenia’s population voted for independence in a referendum. On 25 June 1991, the Republic of Slovenia declared its independence. A nearly bloodless 10-day war with Yugoslavia followed (27 June 1991 - 6 July 1991);Yugoslav People’s Army forces withdrew after Slovenia demonstrated stiff resistance to Belgrade. Slovenia joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and the European Union on 1 May 2004.历史现今的斯洛文尼亚人的祖先拉斯夫人在6世纪时迁移到斯洛文尼亚。

7世纪建立的Carantania的斯拉夫公国，是第一个前斯洛文尼亚族国家和第一个稳定的拉斯夫国家。

公元745年，Carantania失去独立，并处于法兰克王国的统治下。

在14世纪，大部分斯洛文尼亚地区在哈普斯堡皇室的统治下，组成了奥匈帝国的一部分，斯洛文尼亚人居住Carniola、Gorizia、Gradisca省的全部和大部分地方，还有伊斯的利亚、Carinthia和Styria省的一部分。

1848年，作为在奥地利“民族春天”运动的一部分，一个为统一斯洛文尼亚的强有力的运动出现了。

随着1918年奥匈帝国的瓦解，斯洛文尼亚联合塞尔维亚人（Serbs）、克罗地亚人（Croats）和斯洛文尼亚人（Slovenes）成立南斯拉夫王国。

随后，在二战末期，重建南斯拉夫之后，斯洛文尼亚成为南斯拉夫联邦人民共和国的一部分，并在1945年11月29日宣告成立。

1990年12月23日，88%的斯洛文尼亚人在公民投票中支持独立。

1991年6月25日，斯洛文尼亚共和国宣布独立。

在经历一场和南斯拉夫的几乎不流血的10日战争后（1991年6月27日-1991年7月6日），南斯拉夫的军队在斯洛文尼亚顽强反抗贝尔格莱德下撤军。

斯洛文尼亚于2004年3月29日加入了北大西洋公约组织，并在2004年5月1日加入欧盟。

GeographySlovenia is a coastal Alpine country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north.Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia: the Alps, the Dinarides, the Pannonian plain, and the Mediterranean. Slovenia’s highest peak is Triglav (2864m); the country’s average height above the sea level is 557m. Around one half of the country (10,124km²) is covered by forests; this makes Slovenia the third most forested country in Europe, after Finland and Sweden. Remnants of primeval forests are still to be found, the largest in the Kočevje area.地理斯洛文尼亚位于中欧南部，是个沿海的高山国家，西部和意大利为邻，西南是亚得里亚海，南部和西部靠近克罗地亚，北部是奥地利与匈牙利。

斯洛S尼於W洲四大地理地^的交界：阿卑斯山}、迪{拉山} （Dinarides）、多瑙河中游平原（或称班诺尼亚平原，Pannonian plain）以及地中海沿岸（Mediterranean）。

斯洛文尼亚的最高峰是特里格拉夫峰（Triglav）（2864米）；国家的平均海拔是557米。

大约国家一半的面积（10124平方公里）在森林的覆盖下，是欧洲的第三大森林国家，仅次于芬兰和瑞典之后。

Political SystemThe Slovenian head of state is the president, who is elected by popular vote every 5 years. The executive branch is headed by the prime minister and the council of ministers or cabinet, which are elected by the parliament. The bicameral Slovenian parliament consists of the National Assembly and the National Council. The National Assembly has 90 seats, which are partially filled with directly elected representatives, and partially with proportionally elected representatives (two seats reserved for autochthonous Hungarian and Italian minorities). The National Council has 40 seats, and is made up of representatives of social, economic, professional and local interest groups. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, while National Council members are elected indirectly every 5 years.政治体系斯洛文尼亚的国家首脑是总统，由每5年的民众选举选出。

权力的执行主要由总理和部长组成的委员会或内阁承担，他们是经由议会选举产生。

两院制的斯洛文尼亚议会由国民议会和国民协商会组成。

国民议会有90个席位，其中一部分是直接选举产生的代表，另一部分代表则按一定比列选出（为本土匈牙利和意大利少数民族保留两个席位）。

国民协商会有40个席位，由社会学家和经济学家代表当地的利益集团组成。

议会每4年选举一次，国民协商会成员由每5年的间接选举产生。

Education SystemThe duration for compulsory education is between the ages of 6 to 15. In Slovenia, primary and lower secondary education are unified and last for 8 years. A new system is being gradually implemented by which this level will last 9 years (3 three-year cycles). There are three types of secondary schools with: a) vocational education programmes (lasting for two-and-a-half or three years, the latter offering the possibility to continue in a two-year upgrade programme or lead directly to the labour market; b) technical education programmes (four-year programmes in different areas); and c) general education programmes (classical gimnazija, technical gimnazija, programmes leading to the International Baccalaureate). In the bilingual regions, primary and secondary education for the Italian and Hungarian ethnic minorities is offered in Italian, Hungarian and Slovenian.Higher education institutions comprise universities, faculties, art academies or professional colleges. Slovenia has two universities with 38 members (faculties, art academies and professional colleges) and nine private institutions of higher education. Public higher education is free of charge for native full-time students. Part-time students and post-graduate students pay tuition fees.教育体系强制性教育的期限是6到15岁。