英语学术论文写作
高二英语英语学术论文写作单选题30题答案解析版
高二英语英语学术论文写作单选题30题答案解析版1.In academic writing, it is important to be _______ in presenting your arguments.A.preciseB.vagueC.casualD.hasty答案：A。
在学术写作中，精确地呈现你的论点很重要。
选项B“vague”（ 模糊的）不符合学术写作要求；选项C“casual”（ 随意的）和选项D“hasty” 匆忙的）也不适合学术写作的严谨性。
2.When writing an academic paper, you should avoid using _______ language.A.colloquialB.formalC.technicalD.sophisticated答案：A。
写学术论文时，应避免使用口语化的语言。
选项B“formal”正式的）、选项C“technical”专业的）和选项D“sophisticated”（复杂的）在学术写作中有其特定用途，而口语化语言不适合学术写作。
3.A good academic paper is characterized by its _______ analysis.A.superficialB.thoroughC.hastyD.cursory答案：B。
一篇好的学术论文以其全面的分析为特点。
选项A“superficial”（ 肤浅的）、选项C“hasty”（ 匆忙的）和选项D“cursory” 粗略的）都不能体现学术论文的高质量分析。
4.In academic writing, you should use _______ sources to support your arguments.A.reliableB.dubiousC.unreliableD.questionable答案：A。
在学术写作中，你应该使用可靠的来源来支持你的论点。
学术英语essay范文
学术英语essay范文As an AI language model, I am tasked with assisting you in writing an academic English essay. Academic writing requires attention to detail, organization, and critical thinking skills. It is essential to carefully analyze the topic, conduct research, and present your ideas in a clear and coherent manner. Writing essays in English can be challenging for non-native speakers, but with practice and diligence, one can improve their writing skills.作为一个AI语言模型，我的任务是帮助你写一篇学术英语论文。
学术写作需要注意细节，组织和批判性思维能力。
仔细分析话题，进行研究，并以清晰连贯的方式提出观点是至关重要的。
对于非英语为母语的人来说，在英语写作方面可能有挑战，但通过练习和努力，可以提高写作技能。
When writing an academic essay, it is important to structure your paper in a logical and coherent manner. Begin with an introduction that clearly states your thesis or main argument. Follow this with body paragraphs that provide evidence and analysis to support your thesis. Finally, conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and restating your thesis. This structure helps to guide the readerthrough your argument and ensures that your ideas are presented effectively.在写学术论文时，重要的是以逻辑和连贯的方式构建论文结构。
高二英语英语学术论文写作练习题30题
高二英语英语学术论文写作练习题30题1.In academic writing, which is a better way to start an essay?A.Starting with a quote.B.Starting with a question.C.Starting with a definition.D.Starting with a personal story.答案：B。
解析：在学术写作中，以问题开头可以引起读者的兴趣，促使他们思考并继续阅读以寻找答案。
以引用开头可能会显得比较生硬，且不一定能直接引出主题。
以定义开头可能会比较枯燥。
以个人故事开头在学术写作中不太恰当，不够客观。
开头部分很重要，它决定了读者是否有兴趣继续阅读下去。
以问题开头的优点是能激发读者的好奇心，缺点是如果问题不够有吸引力，可能效果不佳。
2.When introducing a topic in an academic paper, what should you avoid?A.Being too general.B.Being too specific.ing complex language.ing simple language.答案：A。
解析：在引入主题时，应避免过于笼统。
过于笼统会让读者不清楚文章的具体焦点。
过于具体可能在开头不太合适，但不是应该避免的。
使用复杂语言和简单语言都可以，只要恰当运用。
开头部分需要明确主题，避免过于宽泛，让读者能快速了解文章的大致方向。
以具体而清晰的方式引入主题的优点是能让读者迅速抓住重点，缺点是可能会限制文章的拓展性。
3.Which of the following is a good way to pose a problem at the beginning of an academic essay?ing a rhetorical question.B.Listing all the possible solutions.C.Describing the consequences of the problem.D.Giving a historical background of the problem.答案：A。
英语学术论文写作
Identification of…
(1) A flat / house / room / table / desk (2) A man / woman (3) A book / letter / memo (4) A research paper (title, author, abstract, body, references, etc.)
• The course discusses and explains the rationale for different sections of an academic paper. • Genuine examples from recent international and local journals are used to exemplify the discourse structure, function, and relevant linguistic features of each subsection. • Each chapter is followed by a number of exercises and tasks to enhance the learning process.
Two “pure” paradigms
(1) the “exploratory-interpretive” paradigm, which utilises a non-experimental method, yields qualitative data, and provides an interpretive analysis of that data. (2) the “analytical-nomological” paradigm, in which the data are collected through an experiment, and yields quantitative data which are subjected to statistical analysis.
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法Academic paper writing is an essential skill that every student and researcher should possess. It allows individuals to explore specific topics, present their findings, and contributeto the expansion of knowledge in their field of study. Thisarticle will discuss the requirements and methods of writing an academic paper.1. Requirements of Academic Paper Writing:a. Clarity and coherence: A good academic paper should be clear, well-organized, and easy to understand. The writer should present their arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent manner to guide readers through the paper.b. Research-based: An academic paper should be grounded in extensive research. This involves conducting a literature review, gathering data, and analyzing relevant sources to support the arguments made throughout the paper.c. Originality and contribution: A strong academic paper should present novel insights or contribute to existing knowledge. It should offer a unique perspective or provide additional evidence to enhance the understanding of the topic.d. Proper citation and referencing: To maintain academic integrity, all sources used in the paper must be properly cited.This prevents plagiarism and allows readers to verify the information presented.e. Structure and format: Academic papers typically follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Adhering tothis structure helps readers navigate through the paper more effectively.2. Methods of Academic Paper Writing:a. Identify a research question: Begin by choosing aresearch question or topic that is interesting and relevant to your field of study. Make sure the research question is specific and focused, allowing for in-depth exploration.c. Develop an outline: Create a clear outline that organizes your thoughts and ideas. This helps maintain a logical flow and ensures that all essential points are addressed.e. Present your methodology and research findings: Clearly explain the methodology used for your study and present your findings. Use graphs, tables, and other visuals to enhance the presentation of data.f. Analyze your results and discuss their implications: Interpret and analyze your research findings, discussing their implications in relation to previous studies. Identify any limitations or further areas of research.g. Write a concise conclusion: Summarize your main findings and highlight their significance. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.h. Revise and edit: Proofread your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically.i. Cite your sources properly: Use the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) to reference your sources accurately throughout the paper.In conclusion, writing an academic paper requires clarity, research-based content, originality, proper citation, and adherence to a defined structure. By following these requirements and methods, students and researchers can effectively contribute to their field of study and advance knowledge in their chosen area.。
英语专业学术论文写作：摘要
英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。
练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。
学术论文写作--江苏大学研一英语
三、结论 在正文最后应有结论（Conclusions）或建议(Suggestions)。 (1) 关于结论可用如下表达方式：
① The following conclusions can be drawn from …(由……可得出如下结论) ② It can be concluded that …(可以得出结论……) ③ We may conclude that…或We come to the conclusion that…(我们得出如 下结论……) ④ It is generally accepted (believed, held, acknowledged) that…(一般认 为…)(用于表示肯定的结论) ⑤ We think (consider, believe, feel) that…(我们认为…)(用于表示留有商量 余地的结论)
• • • • •
… Thank you for your patience and kind attention. May you have a nice day! Best Regards Yours Sincerely …
• 编辑的回信 Dear*** • I understand your explanation that you made a simple mistake in Fig. 1b. If you wish to submit your revised paper, I will send it to another reviewer….
results
(2) 关于建议可用如下表达方式。
① It is advantageous to (do) ② It should be realized (emphasized, stressed, noted, pointed out ) that … ③ It is suggested (proposed, recommended, desirable) that … ④ It would be better (helpful, advisable) that…
英语专业学术论文写作：引言
英语专业学术论文写作：引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言一、引言部分的作用和构成要素引言是开题报告的一个翻版开题报告成分分析引言结构分析一、选题:政治新闻翻译中的归化与异化1.IntroductionDomestication and Foreignization in Translating Political News1.1Rational/Significance/Background(1)从大的背景引出研究对象的重要性二、研究目的与意义 (2)研究对象的切入点研究很重要，是能够更好更及时地在国人眼前真实准确地展现英美等经济政治强国经济政治文化领研究的难点/亟待解决的问题域的最新情况，让关心国际时事大事的人们看到最原汁原味同时也是最精确真实的第一手(3)针对这个切入点的研究现状:成就新闻报道，是提高中国国人政治意识的一大法宝，因此在翻译政治新闻时，正确处理政治和问题各是怎样的(极其概括，否则和文新闻中的“外国风味”，同时加上适当“中国风味”让国人更好地理解原语作者的意图就献综述重合了，尽量控制在3-5句话内) 成了政治新闻翻译者亟待解决的一个问题。
而本文正是针对这一问题，从翻译中的归化异(4)本研究具有的实践意义和理论价值化原则出发，以批评语言学、翻译目的论等理论为指导，从像《经济学家》等报刊杂志中一般情况，实践意义指对研究对象的表达选取适当例子加以分析，试图找出政治新闻翻译时归化异化选择的一个平衡点。
和接受方都有好处:若是广告就对广告制本项目研究的理论意义表现在:从政治新闻角度出发，将批评语言学和翻译目的论的作和广告受众;若是教学则对教与学;若研究与翻译的归化异化手法的选择相结合，深化了翻译中归化异化理论的发展。
本项目研是翻译则是翻译和阅读翻译等等。
究的应用价值体现在:(1)为政治新闻翻译者翻译时提供理论帮助，在选择归化与异化手而理论价值，最简单的思路就是你在文献法上找到一个平衡点;(2)从政治新闻的意识形态出发作出的翻译选择，有利于帮助译文综述里讲的或者为研究对象提供新的视读者更好理解原文作者意图。
全国英语专业大学生学术论文写作教程
Search engines such aso search for academic resources both domestically and internationally.
Methods and Tools for Literature Retrieval
Analyze and interpret the results, compare with existing research, and discuss limitations and future research directions
Conclusion
Summarize the main points and implications of the research
Principles and steps of experimental design
Data collection methods
surveys, questions, interviews, observations, experiences
Data analysis methods
descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, content analysis, theoretical analysis
Objectively evaluate the research methods, data sources, and conclusions of the literature.
Extracting research questions
Based on reviewing literature, clarify one's own research questions and hypotheses.
英语学术论文写作范文 学术英语写作 范文17篇
英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。
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apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。
越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。
悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。
西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。
悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。
英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。
他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。
小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。
哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。
小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。
本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。
关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840～1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。
学术论文写作英语总结
学术论文写作英语总结Academic paper writing is an essential skill for students and scholars alike. It involves presenting research findings, ideas, and arguments in a clear and concise manner. This summary will provide an overview of key points to consider when writing an academic paper in English.1. Understanding the Purpose: Before starting the writing process, it is important to clearly understand the purpose of the paper. Is it to inform, persuade, or analyze a topic? Understanding the purpose will help in selecting appropriate content and structuring the paper effectively.2. Research: Academic papers are based on sound research. It is important to gather relevant and reliable information from various sources such as books, journal articles, and reputable websites. Carefully evaluate the credibility of the sources and ensure that the information used is up to date.4. Organizing the Paper: A well-organized paper is easier to read and understand. Use headings and subheadings to clearly divide the paper into sections. Each section should have a clear purpose and flow logically into the next. Consider using an outline to plan the structure of the paper before beginning to write.5. Introduction: The introduction should grab the reader's attention and provide background information on the topic. It should also present the thesis statement and outline the main points that will be discussed in the paper. A strongintroduction sets the tone for the rest of the paper.6. Body Paragraphs: The body paragraphs develop the main points presented in the introduction. Each paragraph shouldstart with a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea of the paragraph. Use supporting evidence, examples, and citations to support the main points. Ensure that there is a logical flow between paragraphs to maintain coherence.7. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main points discussed in the paper and restates the thesis statement. It should not introduce new information but provide a final thought or call to action. A strong conclusion leaves a lasting impression on the reader.9. Citations and Referencing: It is important to acknowledge the sources that have been used in the paper. Use a consistent referencing style such as APA or MLA and ensure that all sources are properly cited in the text and listed in a bibliography or reference list.。
英语学术写作与论文写作技巧
英语学术写作与论文写作技巧1. 引言1.1 概述英语学术写作和论文写作是大学生和研究人员在学术研究中必备的技能。
正确地运用这些技巧不仅可以提高论文的质量，还可以增强作者的学术能力。
本文将探讨英语学术写作的关键技巧以及论文写作的方法和步骤。
1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个部分进行讨论。
首先，在引言部分介绍文章的目的和重要性。
其次，在第二节中，将详细阐述英语学术写作的技巧，包括正确使用语法和拼写、发展清晰的逻辑和思维能力以及使用适当的学术词汇和表达方式。
接下来，在第三节中，将探讨论文写作技巧，包括确定论文主题和目标、收集和整理相关资料和文献，以及编写有效的论文提纲和草稿。
然后，在第四节中，将提供一些建议来提高写作效率，例如制定合理的时间管理计划、分阶段完成写作任务，并寻求同行评审和反馈。
最后，在结论部分对全文进行总结并指出进一步发展方向。
1.3 目的本文的目的是帮助读者了解和掌握英语学术写作和论文写作技巧，使他们能够更好地进行学术研究和论文撰写。
通过学习和应用这些技巧，读者将能够提高自己的写作水平，并在学术领域中取得更好的成就。
2. 英语学术写作技巧：2.1 正确使用语法和拼写：在英语学术写作中，准确使用语法和拼写是非常重要的。
错误的语法和拼写会降低文章质量并影响读者对你的专业水平的评估。
因此，以下是一些建议帮助你提高语法和拼写技巧：- 经常阅读英文书籍、论文和期刊文章，特别是与你研究领域相关的内容。
通过大量阅读，你能够接触到正确的语法结构和单词用法。
- 使用拼写检查工具来纠正拼写错误。
大多数文字处理软件都配有内置的拼写检查功能，可以及时指出错误并给出建议。
- 注意动词时态和主谓一致性。
这些是常见的语法错误点，应该特别关注。
- 请他人帮忙校对你的文章。
有时我们自己难以察觉自己文本中的错误，因此请他人帮助检查将有助于提高文章质量。
2.2 发展清晰的逻辑和思维能力：在学术写作中，逻辑性和思维能力是至关重要的方面。
英语学术论文范文范文怎么写
英语学术论⽂范⽂范⽂怎么写 学术论⽂是某⼀学术课题在实验性的科学记录，你们能够⽤英⽂写出来吗?下⾯是店铺带来英语学术论⽂优秀范⽂，希望对⼤家有帮助。
英语学术论⽂范⽂篇1：基于本⼟旅游⽂化的⼤学旅游英语教学研究 Study on College Tourism English Teaching Combining with Aba Local Tourism Culture Abstract：Boasting of rich，outstanding natural and cultural tourism resources，marvelous landscape，specific humanistic environment，Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture is well-known to the world， which has been attracting ever-increasing tourists home and abroad with its unique charm，such as the fairy-land like natural scenery，mysterious Tibetan Buddhist culture，ancient Qiang’s Shibi (necromancer) culture， the Red Army’s Long March culture and so on. These rich natural and cultural tourism resources raise the economic benefits of cultural tourism development emphasis. Aba is an ethnic minority area leading with the tourism industry; after years of development，tourism has become the main source of income for the local ethnic minorities. More and more foreign tourists have been attracted into this area， particularly， Europe， the United States and other English-speaking countries have become the major source countries; a large number of high-qualified tourism professionals are in urgent need， and tourism English teaching plays a very important role for cultivating High quality talents who are both proficient in English， grasping high level tourism skills， and quite familiar with Aba tourism resources. This paper analyzes and puts forward some constructive measures on how to combine Aba tourism resources， local culture with college tourism English teaching. Key words： Aba tourism resources local culture college tourism English teaching Introduction： After joining WTO， China gets more and more intimacy communication opportunities with the world; has been attracting ever-increasing foreign tourists and foreign tourism industry is rapidly developing. However，the development of the tourism industry and excellent tourism practitioners can not be synchronized， particularly high quality foreign tourism practitioners are seriously lacking， which causing the deve lopment of China’s foreign tourism lag，especially the local tourism resources and cultural characteristics can not be good publicized. Most of the local colleges are in charge of cultivating qualified personnel for local economic development， many vocational colleges set up Tourism English major， but because of teaching conception， method and practice are old-fashioned and out of touch， it results in Tourism English graduates are unable to adapt to the development needs of the tourism industry， and not well for the local tourism economy. Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture boasts abundant tourism resources and unique ethnic culture，which needs more high quality tourism practitioners who are skilled with foreign communicative ability and having comprehensive local culture knowledge to publicize the local culture and bring to a great height of development. Thus， the local college tourism English teaching should attach great importance to the needs of penetrating the local tourism and culture， and combining the introduction of local characteristics and cultural tourism with English teaching has very important significance. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇2：英语专业学⽣写作的影响因素及对策分析 Analyzing the Factors and Corresponding Measures for English Majors’ Writing 【Abstract】As we know， English writing is an important part of communicative competence. But for many English majors， it is hard to express their thoughts clearly. In order to find out the main problems and corresponding measures，the author analyzes many compositions written by English majors. With some academic opinions and the author’s own analysis， some problems existing in students’ writing are listed. According to the problems， the author summarizes some influencing factors. Finally， the author gives some relevant solutions. Through analyzing those samples， the author hopes it has some help for English majors’ writing. 【Key words】Writing;English major;Influencing factors;Effective measures 0 Introduction “English writing is a re-creation process where students use the knowledge of the language through thinking. So writing skills can reflect students’ language competence” (Bai 2009：99). But for many English majors，English writing is a difficulty for them. So many reasons have led to this kind of phenomenon. The author summarizes several types of mistakes that English majors often make， such as vocabulary mistakes，grammar mistakes. According to these problems，the author analyzes the influencing factors and tries to find suitable ways to solve this problem. 1 Influencing Factors 1.1 Vocabulary Mistakes Generally there are three kinds of vocabulary mistakes existing in English majors’ writing. They are spelling mistake，collocation mistake and part of speech problem. In the following part，they are discussed one by one. First，the spelling mistakes are common in their compositions. “Vocabulary is the requisite element of English writing” (He 2008：141). If students want to write a good composition to express their thoughts， they should grasp enough vocabulary and understand words correctly. However， most English majors do not learn vocabulary like that. For example， the words “indepadent” is not correct in spelling; the words “indepondance” and “independent” are not correct; the words “dapt”，“nowdays” are not spelled correctly. This is because students neglect the spelling when they learn the word at the beginning. What’s more， many students recite the word in accordance with pronunciation. Second，collocation mistakes occur frequently. Collocation is the key point of vocabulary learning. It plays a vital role in expressing the author’s intention. As we all know， the English collocation is very different from Chinese. Some students are used to thinking in Chinese and then directly translate Chinese into English literally. Such literal translations will definitely lead to mistakes. Generally speaking，the words do not appear isolated from others. That is to say， there are fixed about collocation between adjective and noun，verb and object noun etc. However，students often do not pay attention to this collocation and accumulate the words mechanically， leading to inappropriate expression in English. For example， “look dinner” and “leave earth” are not appropriate. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇3：马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析 Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style. Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, analysis, speech. 马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析 摘要:本⽂⾸先阐述了⽂体学的定义,并在此基础上对对美国着名⿊⼈领袖马丁. 路德.⾦的着名演讲《我有⼀个梦》中所使⽤的⽂体⼿段进⾏了详尽的分析,进⽽对演讲⽂体的风格进⾏了简要的论述。
学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)
学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统（The pprisl Systems）是对系统功能语言学的新进展。
系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。
评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。
该研究由Mrtin指导，Croline Coffin，Rick Iedem，Henrike Korner，Dvid Rose，Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。
这项研究是“写得得体”（Write It Right）科研项目的一部分。
评价理论包括三大次系统：态度，介入和级差。
三大次系统又可以次系统化。
态度系统指对文本，人类行为和现象所作出的推断。
态度有积极和消极之分。
任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。
态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。
态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。
态度可以通过表品质的词来表达，如hppy；可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达，如like；通过情态状语表达，如hppily。
态度包含三个系范畴：情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。
推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。
鉴赏系统又可分为：反应、构成和价值。
介入系统深受Bkhtin （1981，1986）对话性和多语性的影响。
从这个意义层面上讲，介入资源是一种方式，通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中，一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音，或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。
介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。
对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属；对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。
介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现，如my，it is sid tht等。
级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源，包含语势和聚焦。
语势有强势和弱势之分，聚焦有明显和模糊之分。
级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现，如some，plusible等。
3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析：态度，介入，级差。
英语学术论文写作30题
英语学术论文写作30题1. In the introduction of an academic paper, which of the following is the best way to attract readers' attention?A. Presenting a long list of previous studies.B. Starting with a controversial statement.C. Using complex sentence structures.D. Describing personal experiences.答案：B。
解析：选项 A 呈现一长串以往的研究可能会让读者感到枯燥；选项 C 使用复杂的句子结构可能会增加读者的理解难度；选项 D 描述个人经历在学术论文引言中不太常见。
而选项 B 以有争议的陈述开头能够激发读者的兴趣和好奇心，从而吸引他们的注意力。
2. When elaborating the research background in the introduction, which of the following should be avoided?A. Citing recent and relevant studies.B. Overemphasizing minor details.C. Explaining the significance of the research.D. Connecting the research to existing theories.答案：B。
解析：选项 A 引用近期相关研究是必要的；选项 C 解释研究的重要性有助于突出研究价值；选项D 将研究与现有理论相联系能体现研究的科学性。
而选项B 过度强调次要细节会使重点不突出，分散读者注意力。
3. Which of the following is an appropriate opening sentence for the introduction of an academic paper?A. "This paper will discuss an important topic."B. "In recent years, there has been a growing interest in this field."C. "I have always been interested in this subject."D. "The aim of this study is to solve a long-standing problem."答案：D。
英语学术论文写作
英语学术论文写作学术论文的概念及分类学术论文（Research Papers）又称科学论文或研究论文，是对某一学科领域中的课题进行探讨、研究，表达新的科学研究成果或创见的文章，简称“论文”。
论文的突出特点科学性、创新性、学术性、专业性、实用性。
一般说来在论文写作过程中，既重视运用，又重视理论分析。
学术论文包括各学科领域中专业人员所写的论文和学生写的学业论文（即学年论文、毕业论文和学位论文）以及报告类论文。
不同专业的科技论文的内容和表示形式不尽相同。
可将论文分为理论型、实验型和描述型三种。
理论型论文的主要研究方法是理论分析；实验型论文的主要研究方法是设计实验、实验过程研究和实验结果分析；描述型论文的主要研究方法是描述说明，目的是介绍新发现的事物或现象及其所具有的科学价值，重点说明这一新事物是什么现象或不是什么现象。
学术论文的特点学术论文具有清楚、确切，和简明、直接的特点，尽力使文字简练，用最少的字句把意思表达清楚。
同时要客观、朴素，大多用第三人称（文内人称要统一）。
常用被动式语气，避免用俗语、土话、口语等，能肯定的不用“maybe”、“probably”。
引用他人注意不要把别人的结果说成像是自己的结果；与别人比较时，不用苛刻狡辩的语气；对于别人的研究工作进行评论，应该就事实和文字进行讨论，不可有推测别人的动机的口气。
在论文里，不需要用一些华丽的或是带情感的词句。
比喻要视论文性质而定。
通俗读物，初级教科书或非正式的科技文章中，有时用些比喻来帮助叙述科学理论，可使普通读者感兴趣、容易看懂。
科技期刊所发表的科技论文通常是严格限制用比喻的。
不应把比喻和类比相混淆，类比是科学研究工作中常用的推理方法。
在论文要使用恰当的假说，假说必须有实验可以证明。
不能夸大结论，因果关系要明确。
不能主观臆断，不要把假定当作结论，不要把未经证实的意见当作真实的。
名词的定义应清楚、确切。
对于专业名词，如果不知道它的确切含义，万勿随便使用。
英语学术论文写作引言课件
Technical vocabulary
Specialized vocabulary and jargon are often used to discuss academic concepts, ensuring clarity and precision in communication
Complex presence structure
Course content
The course covers the essential elements of academic writing, including the structure, language, and formatting of academic papers
Course delivery The course is delivered through a combination of lectures, workshops, and online resources to ensure a comprehensive learning experience
Research Design
Data Collection
Determine the most appropriate research design for your topic, considering its exploration, descriptive, or explanatory nature
Writing • Epilogue
01
Introduction
Course Introduction
Course objectives
This course aims to provide students with the knowledge and skills required to write high quality academic papers in English
英语学术论文写作考试重点整理
学术文章：Features on the lexical level:词汇上的特征①Terminology ②Nominalization ③Abbreviation ④Use of single verbsFeatures on the syntactical level 句法特征①Long complex sentenceFor accuracy to explain coplicated ideas clearly and precisely②Simple-present tenseDescribes natural phenomena, processes and makes explanation vivid and timeless③Passive voiceconvince the reader of the objectivity of the desciption④Non-finite verbsparticiples, infinitives and gerunds are freqently used in EST1：Why do you engage in scientific research ?Reasons to Engage in Scientific Research：（1）Personal interest to explore the world （2）Solving practical problems（3）Career development （4）Technological development（5）Academic exchanges （6）Academic evaluation （7）Being forced to2：What are the types, the structure and the characteristics of academic paper ?In terms of disciplines, they can be divived intoThree large categories: （1）Philosophy（2）natural science （3）social science.In accordance with a combination of the content, target, methods and other factors.①Argumentative papers ②Descriptive papers③Academic Meeting/Research Reviews ④Book ReviewsCharacteristics of Academic WritingEnglish for science and technology(EST) refers to the style used in scientific and technological activities. Their features are:（1）Objectivity（2）Clarity（3）Coherence（4）Accuracy4：Structure of a DefinitionA definition consists of three elements:(1) the term itself, (2) the category the term belongs to, (3) the features of the term.5. Criteria of a Good Definition1. Follow rules that have traditionally been given for definition.2. State the essential attributes of that which is defined.3. Give examples of usage.4. Avoid circularity.5. Must be neither too broad or too narrow nor leave out any appropriate information, nor include that which does not truly apply.6. Must not be obscure.7. Should not be stated in the negative when it can be stated positively.6：Principles of Title SelectionValue Principle Scientific Principle Innovative Principle Feasibility Principle7：Methods for Choosing a TitleIn general, there are six main methods for choosing a research title.(1) Consult your professor or an expert (2) Participate in academic conferences(3) Select from puzzling problems (4) Read books and newspapers(5) Choose from your own interests (6) Do literature reviews7：Standards for Good Titles(1) Accuracy Word choices should be accurate and reflect the actual situation.(2) Brevity Using the most succinct text possible to summarize the contents.(3) Clarity The title should clearly reflect the subject of the paper.8：Writing Formats for TitlesTitles are usually written in the following three formats:①All the letters of the title are capitalized;②The first letter of each content words of the title is capitalized;③The first letter of the title is capitalized.8：Some widely observed guidelines for the use of tables are:①The table should be self-contained.That is, it can stand alone face to face with the paper.②A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant description.③Provide each table with a number (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) and a title.④The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate. Try to use descriptive words, not abbreviated forms.⑤The title of a table or diagram most commonly follows the same three methods as given above for the paper title.⑥The format of the column title. The first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized, other words are in lowercase.⑦Notes of table. To explain the column title, abbreviations, symbols and data, add notes or footnotes at the bottom of the table.⑧Do not repeat information in a table only if it presents new information.⑨It is easier to compare numbers by reading down a column rather than across a row.9：Data collection and selection usually follow four principles:（1）Centered around the theme （2）True and verifiable （3）Typical （4）Novel 10：Three Important Steps for Data Collection and Evaluation（1）Understand types of resources. （2）Critically read and evaluate those resources.（3）Take notes effectively.10：Four important dimensions in critical thinking and reading:(1) Structure (2) Purpose (3) Audience (4) Author11：Common criteria used to access the information found on the Internet:(1) Authorship (2) The publishing body (3) Point of view or bias(4) Referral to and/or display of knowledge of the literature(5) Accuracy or verifiability of details (6) Currency12：Criteria for evaluating accuracy:评估确定性的标准（1）For a research document, the data and the research method(s) are included.（2）The methodology is appropriate to the topic and allows the study to be duplicated for purposes of verification. The document relies on other sources or includes links to the documents themselves.（3）The document names individuals and/or sources that provided non-published data used inthe preparation of the study.（4）The background information that was used can be verified for accuracy.13：Criteria for currency:精度的标准（1）The document includes the date(s) at which the information was gathered.（2）The document refers to clearly dated information.（3）Where necessary, the document includes information on the regularity of updates.（4）The document includes a publication date or a “last updated”date.（5）The document includes a date of copyright.（6）If no date is given in an electronic document, you can view the directory in which it resides and read the date of latest modification.14：Functions of an OutlineOutline can be helpful to show the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information.15：Reasons for creating an outline:（1）Aids in the writing process.（2）Helps organize ideas.（3）Presents material in a logical form.（4）Shows relationships among ideas in the paper.（5）Constructs an ordered overview of what is written. （6）Defines boundaries and groups. 16：Four Main Components for Effective Outlines(1)Parallelism：Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb phrase, the second heading should also be a verb phrase.(2) Coordination：All informations contained in heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in heading 2.(3) Subordination：The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific.(4) Division：Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts.17：Types of Outlines and Samples(1)Alphanumeric Outlines：Use alphabetical letters and numerals to outline the content of essays.(2) Full Sentence Outlines：The Full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline. The main difference is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline.(3) Decimal Outlines：The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline.the added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline related to the large whole.18：Tips for Comparison and Contrast(1) Determine the organizational style.(2) State organization so as to ensure clarity.(3) Make preferences clear in comparison or contrast essay.(4) When organizing the writing, ensure information about the items being compared and contrasted are balanced.19：How many kinds of citation are there?Two types of citation:(1) Citation as note/reference, (2) Citation as material quoted.20：What does a writer usually do with in-text citation ?①Both the name and date enclosed in parentheses.The comma between the author and the year may or may not be included based on the publisher requirements.②To make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence or clause and follow it immediately with the date of the study in parentheses.③If you wish to emphasize the date of the cited study, you can omit the parentheses。
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英语学术论文写作Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法I．释义练习A.The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.B.Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.A.提纲：The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation._ subatomic particles traveling_penetrate deep inside the human body_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer_cause genetic diseases in progeny释义：The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cellsB提纲：Technology has transformed education at several turning points.the first technology_the primitive modes of communication释义：Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication.The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.II．概述练习In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As familiesmove away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will betrustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who haveaccurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.第二段：Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.cut off the informal flow of information2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living3.family must be consciously learned.Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.第四段：Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information Controlling idea question:How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?Answers(supporting details or evidence):/doc/d916400742.html,puter technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.Summary:The development of technologies promote thestorage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.III．文献结论部分概述A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.Controlling idea:A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics.The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.。