翻译的语言对比规律语义词法句法思维说课材料

brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper)
文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Coursty Month
特困生 the most needy students
一穷二白 poor and blank
乌纱帽 an official Mountains
《新编英汉翻译教程 》
A NEW COURSEBOOK ON ENGLISH-CHINESE TRANSLATION
Chapter 5 Rules of Language Comparisons
第五章 翻译的语言对比规律
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Differences between English and Chinese
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2. Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence marriage 娶、嫁 sister 姐、妹 gun 枪、炮 Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆； president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长； Morning: 早晨、上午
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1. English:Tense ; Chinese:Particle
五经 The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of
Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals)
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４. Word collocation cut ： cut wheat 割麦子
English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo-Germanic system (including Europe, Western Asia and India).
Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family (including Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese).
English is an alphabetic character (拼音文字), Chinese is an ideographic character (表意文
字).
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Different nature of language: English is a comprehensive language.
I. Semantic differences II. Differences in lexicology III.Syntactic differences IV.Differences of mode of thinking
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General introduction
Different language families:
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部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning 的 翻译：
Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早 Mid－ morning: 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四点
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3. Non-correspondence or almost noncorrespondence
So-called comprehensive language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on. Chinese is an analytic language. So-called analytic language means that the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-----but by empty word ,particle and word order and so on.
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I. Semantic differences
1. Full correspondence Only found in generally adopted technical terms
or coincidence among common words Radar=雷达 New York =纽约 Tianjin University=天津大学 The U.S. State Department =美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean =太平洋 helicopter =直升飞机
cut cake 切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲
wear ：He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey,
and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。
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II. Differences in lexicology
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock－watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 Dink = double income no kids 丁克家族
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糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick
文房四宝 the four treasures of the study (writing
古英语： Synthetic language
汉语：
词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表 现的
英语：
synthetic +analytic language
Analytic language
通过词序或 虚词（助词）等手段来表示的。
通过形态变化包括性、数、格、时、 体、语态、语气、人称、比较级等 来表示的。