1689年英国权利法案(英文)

the bill of rights of 1689名词解释

the bill of rights of 1689名词解释摘要：1.简介：背景介绍、Bill of Rights的定义2.1689年英国权利法案的概述3.法案的主要内容和条款4.法案对英国及世界其他国家的影响5.当代意义和启示正文：【简介】在英国历史中，1689年权利法案（Bill of Rights 1689）是一项具有里程碑意义的法律，它为英国国民规定了一系列基本权利，并对君主立宪制的发展产生了深远影响。

Bill of Rights一词直译为“权利法案”，它是一个概括性的名词，指的是规定个人或团体在社会、政治和经济方面享有的权利的法律文件。

【1689年英国权利法案的概述】1689年，英国国王詹姆斯二世因宗教信仰和专制统治引发了国内不满，导致了一场被称为“光荣革命”的政治变革。

为了限制国王的权力，保障国民的权益，新政权在同年颁布了权利法案。

该法案对国王的权力进行了明确限制，规定国王不能随意废除法律、征税和征兵。

此外，法案还确保了言论自由、宗教自由和议会的权力。

【法案的主要内容和条款】权利法案共有13条条款，主要涉及以下几个方面：1.国王不能废除法律，也不能在未经议会同意的情况下征税。

2.国王不能剥夺公民的财产权，除非经过公正的审判。

3.保障宗教自由，国教以外的其他宗教信仰得到尊重。

4.确保言论自由，国民有权在议会中发表意见。

5.规定了陪审团制度，确保公民在司法审判中的权益。

6.未经议会同意，国王不能对外宣战或签订和平条约。

7.保障议员的言论自由，无需为在议会中的发言承担法律责任。

【法案对英国及世界其他国家的影响】1689年权利法案的颁布，奠定了英国君主立宪制的基础，明确了国王与议会之间的权力分配。

这一制度创新对世界其他国家产生了深远影响，许多国家在制定宪法时都借鉴了英国的经验。

权利法案的理念逐渐传播到欧洲乃至世界各地，推动了人权观念的发展。

【当代意义和启示】虽然距今已有300多年的历史，1689年权利法案仍然具有很强的现实意义。

第7课英国君主立宪制的确立

历史传统
政治前提
课堂思考
《大宪章》的内容于谁有利？它以什么形式来限制王权？它体现了一个什么重要原则？《大宪章》的内容于贵族有利；它用法律的形式来限制王权；它树立了一条重要的原则，即： “法律至上” “有限王权”的起源与发展
没有限制的王权是可怕的，从中世纪开始，英国贵族就有通过议会与专制王权作斗争的传统。议会起源于中世纪； 13世纪议会制度基本形成； 1215年的《自由大宪章》提出了“法律至上、有限王权”的原则； 14世纪上半期英国议会分为上院和下院。（1）对王权（2）为英国君主立宪有制约作用制的确立奠定了基础
乔治一世
——不懂英语的国王
—摘编自阎照祥《英国政治制度史》
英国责任制内阁的形成过程（行政权力转移于内阁）没有任何成文法律为依据,依靠惯例形成的
阶段起源萌芽开始形成时间 16C初 17C后期 18C初期概况枢密院的外交委员会，强化专制王权的工具国王在王宫密室召集部分亲信共商国是下院多数党领袖主持内阁会议，国王逐渐 “统而不治”，第一任内阁首相——沃波尔（华尔波尔）
目
的
防止独裁专制、维护民主政治集体统治
特点（原则）
资产阶级代议制由公民选举产生的代表民意的机关来行使国家权力的制度。它是一种间接民主的形式，通常以议会作为代表民意的机关。代议制是资产阶级取得革命胜利、夺取政权之后正式确立起来的。基本特征是： 1、实行普选制：由通过普选产生的议员组成议会，形式上代表民意行使国家权力； 2、实现人权自由的原则：议会议决事项均由议员共同讨论并经多数通过； 3、政党政治比较突出，它将竞争机制引进政治生活； 4、议会享有立法权、财政权和行政监督权。现代国家大都实行代议制。

1689年《权利法案》

1689年《权利法案》【最新版】目录1.1689 年《权利法案》的背景和意义2.《权利法案》对国王权力的限制3.《权利法案》对议会权力的加强4.《权利法案》对英国政治体制的影响5.《权利法案》对世界历史的贡献正文1689 年《权利法案》是英国政治性法律中的一部重要法案，由威廉三世于 1689 年签署。

该法案开创了限制政府权力的先河，确立了国家的立法、司法、行政三权力分立、互相制衡的原则，使得英国开始走上资产阶级政治民主化的道路，有利于资本主义的发展。

《权利法案》对国王权力进行了严格的限制。

首先，法案规定国王不得干涉法律，这意味着国王不能再随意颁布法律或修改现有法律。

其次，法案规定在和平时期，国王不得维持常备军，这有效地防止了国王通过军队来加强自己的权力。

此外，法案还规定没有议会同意，国王不得征税，这使得财政大权也落入了议会的手中。

与此同时，《权利法案》对议会权力进行了加强。

法案规定人民有向国王请愿的权利，这为议会代表了人民的利益提供了法律依据。

法案还规定人民有配带武器以用以自卫的权利，以及人民有选举议会议员的权利，这些都为议会制度的运作提供了保障。

《权利法案》对英国政治体制产生了深远的影响。

一方面，法案使君主立宪制逐渐确立，另一方面，议会所拥有的自由和权力也被用法律的形式加以肯定，这大大削弱了国王的权力，而使议会治理国家的权力增强。

这一政治体制的变革为英国的资本主义发展奠定了坚实的基础。

《权利法案》对世界历史也做出了重要贡献。

作为欧美代议制的确立与发展的一部分，英国的君主立宪制为世界各国提供了一种新的政治体制模式。

这种模式既限制了君主的权力，又保障了人民的自由和权利，为世界各国在追求民主、自由、平等的道路上提供了重要的参考。

总之，1689 年的《权利法案》对英国乃至世界历史都产生了深远的影响。

1689年权利法案

1689年权利法案1689年权利法案，也称为英国权利法案（Bill of Rights），是英国历史上一部具有重要影响力的法律文书。

这部法案是在1689年英国革命后制定的，目的是限制君主的权力，并确立了议会的主权和公民的基本权利。

下面是有关1689年权利法案的一些相关参考内容。

一、背景和起因权利法案的起因可以追溯到英国的历史事件。

在17世纪末期，英国国王詹姆斯二世（James II）试图恢复绝对君主制，违背了英国人民的意愿。

由于詹姆斯二世的专制行为引起了反对他的最大宗教教派和国会议员的不满，英国爆发了革命，詹姆斯二世最终被迫流亡。

二、法案内容1. 限制君主权力：权利法案明确规定，君主不得行使许多特权，如征兵、确定税收、通过法律和释放人犯等，除非得到议会的授权。

2. 确立议会主权：权利法案强调议会应当拥有决定英国的重大事务的权力，限制了君主的影响力。

3. 宣布议会自由：权利法案确保议会对自己的言论和辩论享有自由，不因发表意见而受到起诉或惩罚。

4. 保障合法诉权：权利法案规定，英国公民有权向法院寻求正当的司法救济，并不受君主干涉。

5. 基本权利的确立：权利法案确定了公民的基本权利，如言论自由、人身自由、不受酷刑待遇等，这些权利是不可剥夺的。

6. 选举自由：权利法案规定，议会选举应当是自由和公正的，不受君主的操控。

三、影响和意义1. 制衡君主权力：权利法案的确立有效地制衡了君主的权力，并为议会的主权奠定了基础。

从此，英国成为一个立宪君主制国家。

2. 奠定基本权利：权利法案确立了公民的基本权利，这对英国社会和后来的法制建设产生了深远的影响，同时也对其他国家的法律和制度产生了启发。

3. 启发其他国家：权利法案的成功经验对其他国家的法制发展起到了重要的启发作用。

特别是对美国宪法的起草有着积极的影响，权利法案为美国宪法中的权利法案提供了借鉴。

总结起来，1689年权利法案是英国历史上具有重要意义的法律文书。

它限制了君主的权力，确立了议会主权和公民的基本权利。

英国资产阶级革命权利法案

英国资产阶级革命权利法案资产阶级革命权利法案（The Bill of Rights）是英国历史上一项重要的法律文件，被视为资产阶级革命的里程碑之一。

该法案于1689年通过，确立了英国君主立宪制度的基石，保障了公民的权利和自由，为英国政治体制的发展奠定了基础。

资产阶级革命权利法案的通过是英国历史上政治权力转移的重要标志。

在17世纪中叶，英国发生了一系列政治斗争和冲突，最终导致了资产阶级革命的爆发。

这场革命的背景是国王查理一世试图夺取更多的政治权力，对议会的限制和迫害。

这引发了国内的不满和抵抗，最终导致了1642年爆发的英国内战，以及1649年国王查理一世被处决。

在这一过程中，英国的资产阶级逐渐壮大，成为了政治斗争的主导力量。

他们希望通过制定法律来确立自己的权益，限制君主的权力，并保障公民的权利和自由。

资产阶级革命权利法案的通过，正是这一愿望的实现。

资产阶级革命权利法案明确规定了君主和议会之间的权力分配，确立了君主立宪制度。

根据该法案，君主必须遵守法律，不能随意行使权力。

同时，该法案还保障了公民的言论自由、宗教自由、财产权和公正审判等基本权利。

这些权利的确立，为英国的政治体制奠定了基础。

资产阶级革命权利法案的通过，标志着英国政治的转型，从君主专制向君主立宪制过渡。

这一转变在全球范围内产生了深远的影响。

资产阶级革命权利法案的理念和原则，被后来的法律和宪政文化所借鉴，成为了现代民主国家的基石之一。

资产阶级革命权利法案的通过，也为英国社会的发展提供了更加稳定和有序的环境。

君主立宪制度的确立，保障了公民的权利和自由，增强了社会的稳定和凝聚力。

这为英国的经济和文化繁荣奠定了基础，使得英国成为了18世纪欧洲最富裕和最强大的国家之一。

然而，资产阶级革命权利法案也存在一些局限性。

首先，该法案的适用范围相对有限，只保障了一部分公民的权利。

其次，法案中的某些权利并非绝对的，可以在特定情况下被限制。

此外，这一法案并未解决英国社会中的贫富差距和阶级矛盾，仍然存在着社会不公平和不平等的问题。

1689年英国颁布权利法案

近代西方资本主义政治制度的确立和发展
1689年英国颁布《权利法案》年英国颁布《权利法案》年英国颁布君主立宪制度 1787年美国制定宪法年美国制定宪法总统制民主共和制 1875年颁布法年颁布法 1871年年《共和国宪法制共和制国宪法》国宪法》君主立宪制度
德国德国——君主立宪制（二元制）德国君主立宪制二元制）确定：1871年德意志帝国宪法确定：1871年德意志帝国宪法
1、德意志是实行君主立宪制的联邦制国家。、德意志是实行君主立宪制的联邦制国家。君主立宪制国家 2、国家元首是“德意志皇帝”。、国家元首是“德意志皇帝” 3、首相主持帝国政府，只对皇帝负责而不对议主持帝国政府，皇帝负责而不对议、首相主持帝国政府只对皇帝会负责。会负责。 4、联邦议会和帝国国会是立法机构，行使立法是立法机构，、联邦议会和帝国国会是立法机构权。
对比德意志帝国君主立宪制与法国共和制的异同
政体差异：君主立宪制与共和制（政体差异：君主立宪制与共和制（君主立宪制有世袭君主；共和制的国家首脑由选举产生）世袭君主；共和制的国家首脑由选举产生）从行政和立法机构之间的关系上看：从行政和立法机构之间的关系上看：法国：议会拥有立法权；法国：议会拥有立法权；议会中拥有多数席位的政党（或政党联盟）组成内阁；位的政党（或政党联盟）组成内阁；总统由议会两院联席会议选出；总统又有行政大权。会两院联席会议选出；总统又有行政大权。德国：德国首脑（德意志帝国皇帝）德国：德国首脑（德意志帝国皇帝）拥有官吏任免权（帝国官吏及宰相）；）；德意志帝国皇吏任免权（帝国官吏及宰相）；德意志帝国皇帝拥有立法权；德国皇帝可以召集或延期或结帝拥有立法权；束两院——首脑拥有绝对的实权。首脑拥有绝对的实权。束两院首脑拥有绝对的实权

权利法案

1、凡未经议会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力，为非法权利。（立法权） 3．设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令，以及一切其他同类指令与法庭，皆为非法而有害。（司法权） 4．凡未经国会准许，借口国王特权，为国王而征收，或供国王使用而征收金钱，超出国会准许之时限或方式者，皆为非法。（征税权） 6．除经国会同意外，平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军，皆属违法。（军事权）
The bill of rights，在英国习惯称作《权利法案》(1791年)，而美国习惯称作《人权法案》(1689年)。
英国《权利法案》背景：光荣革命
1688年，英国资产阶级和新贵族发动的推翻詹姆斯二世的统治、防止天主教复辟的非暴力政变。英国决定以法律形式限制国王的权力，保证自己的权力，于是在议会上、下两院共同召开的全体会议上，向威廉和玛丽提出了一个“权利宣言”.1689年10月，议会通过了“权利宣言”并制订为法律，是为《权利法案》。这场革命未有流血，因此历史学家将其称之为“光荣革命”。奠定了英国君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础，确立了议会高于王权的原则，具有宪法的性质，标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立，为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路。
By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law; By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;

权利法案中英文版

权利法案中英文版（最新版）目录1.权利法案的概述2.权利法案的中英文版本对比3.权利法案对社会的影响正文1.权利法案的概述权利法案，又称《权利法案 1689》，是英国议会于 1689 年通过的一项宪法性法案，旨在限制国王的权力，保障议会的立法权、财政权等权力，从而确立英国的君主立宪制。

权利法案是英国政治制度发展史上的一座里程碑，对世界各国的政治制度产生了深远的影响。

2.权利法案的中英文版本对比权利法案共有 13 条条款，其中最为重要的是第 1 条和第 4 条。

第 1 条明确规定了国王必须依法行使权力，不能滥用权力；第 4 条规定了英国国民有权向国王请愿，要求国王停止滥用权力。

这里我们将对比权利法案的中英文版本，以了解其差异。

中文版（根据维基百科翻译）：第一条：国王不得违反法律行使权力，不得停止法律的执行，不得侵犯议会的立法权、财政权等权力。

第四条：英国国民有权向国王请愿，要求国王停止滥用权力，保障国民的权利。

英文版（Bill of Rights, 1689）：First: That the King"s Majesty may not suspend the exercise ofthe laws, or the execution of justice, without cause;Fourth: That the subjects" rights may not be infringed or broken by him; but that they may be preserved inviolably, and without any change made in the ancient and fundamental laws of this realm.通过对比可以发现，中文版本较为简洁明了，而英文版本则更为严谨，详细阐述了国王不能停止法律执行和保障国民权利的原则。

英美概况---权利法案

英国《权利法案》，全称《国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言》（An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown），是英国宪法中重要的一部法律，由威廉三世于1689年签署，威廉三世被宣布为“光荣革命”之后英国国王的前提就是必须接受由议会所提出的这部《权利法案》。

《权利法案》的主要内容有：
1.英国人民拥有不可被剥夺的民事与政治权利，包括了
2.国王不得干涉法律；
3.没有议会同意，国王不得徵税；
4.人民有向国王请愿的权利；
5.人民有配带武器以用以自卫的权利；
6.人民有选举议会议员的权利；
7.国王不得干涉议会的言论自由；
8.人民有不遭受残酷与非常惩罚的自由；
9.人民有在未审判的情况下不被课罚金的自由
10.国王必须定期召开议会；
11.詹姆斯二世的一些行为已经违反上述约定，因此被认为是非法的；
12.因“光荣革命”而逃离英国的詹姆斯二世被宣布退位；
13.罗马天主教徒不得成为英国国王；
14.威廉与玛丽是詹姆斯二世的继承人。

美国《人权法案》的10条修正案包括：
第一条：言论、宗教、和平集会自由；
第二条：持有与佩戴武器的权利；
第三条：免于民房被军队征用；
第四条：免于不合理的搜查与扣押；
第五条：正当程序（Due Process）、一罪不能两判、禁止逼供、禁止剥夺私人财产；第六条：未经陪审团不可定罪以及被控告方的其他权利；
第七条：民事案件中要求陪审团的权利；第八条：禁止过度罚金与酷刑；
第九条：未被列入的其他权利同样可以受到
保护；
第十条：人民保留未经立法的权利；。

英美权利法案

英美权利法案The Bill of Rights，即《权利法案》，又译《人权法案》，指的是美国宪法中第一至第十条宪法修正案，由詹姆斯·麦迪逊起草，1791年12月15日，获得通过。

权利法案的10条修正案包括：第一条：言论、宗教、和平集会自由；第二条：持有与佩戴武器的权利；第三条：免于民房被军队征用；第四条：免于不合理的搜查与扣押；第五条：正当程序（Due Process）、一罪不能两判、禁止逼供、禁止剥夺私人财产；第六条：未经陪审团不可定罪以及剥夺被控告方的其他权利；第七条：民事案件中要求陪审团的权利；第八条：禁止过度罚金与酷刑；第九条：未被列入的其他权利同样可以受到保护；第十条：人民保留未经立法的权利。

影响与评价《权利法案》的第一条，即美国宪法第一修正案对美国影响巨大。

美国媒体所享有的一切自由都源于此，在美国，凡是涉及言论、新闻、出版等诉讼，往往都会搬出此，它几乎成为美国媒体或个人言论自由的护身符，不可动摇。

以至于美国人把它颂扬为“美国生活方式”的主要内容。

[1]但是《权利法案》没有修正宪法的一个重大缺陷，即对奴隶制的确认，这使后来的南方地区农奴制扩张大大增长。

[2] 第一条（Amendment I）Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。

1689年《权利法案》

1689年《权利法案》
1689年的《权利法案》（Bill of Rights）是英国历史上的一部重要法律文件，标志着英国君主立宪制的确立。

以下是对该法案的简要介绍：
背景：在英国历史上，长期存在君主专制统治的倾向，国王拥有较大的权力，在没有民众代表的情况下行使着极大的权威。

然而，在17世纪末，英国爆发了一系列政治冲突，包括光荣革命。

主要内容：1689年《权利法案》的主要目的是约束君主的权力，确立议会的主权，并为公民确立基本权利。

该法案有以下重要内容：
1.君主制约：该法案规定，君主不能单方面制定或废除法律、
征收税收或决定军事行动，只能在议会的允许下行使权力。

2.议会权力：该法案明确规定国会拥有立法权，对法律的制定
和修改具有最终决定权。

3.言论自由：该法案保障了议会成员的言论自由，允许议员自
由表达意见，以便能够以公正和有效的方式参与国家事务。

4.宗教自由：该法案废除了国王的宗教特权，保障了公民的信
仰自由，禁止迫害持不同宗教信仰的人。

5.武装权：该法案规定，英国公民有权持有武器，以保护个人
和家庭安全。

影响：《权利法案》的通过标志着英国从君主专制向君主
立宪制转变的重要里程碑。

它确保了议会的主权，限制了君主的权力，并为个人赋予了一系列基本权利，包括言论自由、宗教自由和个人自由。

这些原则深刻影响了近代民主国家的发展，成为后来英美法律制度和宪政思想的重要基石。

《权利法案》在当时主要适用于英格兰和苏格兰，而对爱尔兰的影响较小。

此外，该法案的内容也是历经时间演变和修订的，通过了一系列相关法律和法案来进一步完善和细化其中的内容。

权利法案(1689).

权利法案（1689）国会两院经依法集会于西敏寺宫，为确保英国人民传统之权利与自由而制定本法律。

1.凡未经国会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力。

2.近来以国王权威擅自废除法律或法律实施之僭越权力，为非法权力。

3.设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令，以及一切其他同类指令与法庭，皆为非法而有害4.凡未经国会准许，借口国王特权，为国王而征收，或供国王使用而征收金钱，超出国会准许之时限或方式者，皆为非法。

5.向国王请愿，乃臣民之权利，一切对此项请愿之判罪或控告，皆为非法。

6.除经国会同意外，平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军，皆属违法。

7.凡臣民系新教徒者，为防卫起见，得酌量情形，并在法律许可范围内，置备武器。

8.国会议员之选举应是自由的。

9.国会内之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由，不应在国会以外之任何法院或任何地方，受到弹劾或讯问。

10.不应要求过多的保释金，亦不应强课过分之罚款，更不应滥施残酷非常之刑罚。

11.陪审官应予正式记名列表并陈报之，凡审理叛国犯案件之陪审官应为自由世袭地领有人。

12.定罪前，特定人的一切让与及对罚金与没收财产所做的一切承诺，皆属非法而无效。

13.为申雪一切诉冤，并为修正、加强与维护法律起见，国会应时常集会。

彼等（即灵俗两界贵族与众议员等）并主张、要求与坚持上述各条为彼等无可置疑之权利与自由；凡上开各条中有损人民之任何宣告、判决、行为或诉讼程序，今后断不应据之以为结论或先例。

BILL OF RIGHTS1689An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the CrownWhereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster， lawfully， fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm， did upon the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-eight [old style date] present unto their Majesties， then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary， prince and princess of Orange， being present in their proper persons， acertain declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following， viz.：Whereas the late King James the Second， by the assistance of divers evil counsellors， judges and ministers employed by him， did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom；By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament；By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power；By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes；By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament；By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament， and quartering soldiers contrary to law；By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law；By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament；By prosecutions in the Court of Kings Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament， and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses；And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials， and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders；And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects；And excessive fines have been imposed；And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted；And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied；All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm；And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant， his Highness the prince of Orange （whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power） did （by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons） cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants，and other letters to the several counties， cities， universities，boroughs and cinque ports， for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament， to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date]， in order to such an establishment as that their religion，laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted，upon which letters elections having been accordingly made；And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons，pursuant to their respective letters and elections， being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation， taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid， do in the first place （as their ancestors in like case have usuallydone） for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare：That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal；That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority， as it hath been assumed and exercised of late， is illegal；That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes， and all other commissions and courts of like nature， are illegal and pernicious；That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative， without grant of Parliament， for longer time， or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted， is illegal；That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king， and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal；That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace， unless it be with consent of Parliament， is against law；That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law；That election of members of Parliament ought to be free；That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament；That excessive bail ought not to be required， nor excessivefines imposed， nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted；That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned， and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders；That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void；And that for redress of all grievances， and for the amending，strengthening and preserving of the laws， Parliaments ought to be held frequently.And they do claim， demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties， and that no declarations， judgments， doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example； to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the prince ofOrange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein.Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him， and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted， and from all other attempts upontheir religion， rights and liberties， the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary， prince and princess of Orange， be and be declared king and queen of England， France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging， to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them， the said prince and princess， during their lives and the life of the survivor to them， and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives， and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess， and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body， and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly.And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths have allegiance and supremacy might be required by law， instead of them； and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated.I， A.B.， do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. So help me God.I， A.B.， do swear that I do from my heart abhor， detest and abjure as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position，that princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the see of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign prince，person， prelate， state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction， power， superiority， pre-eminence or authority，ecclesiastical or spiritual， within this realm. So help me God.Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England， France and Ireland。

权利法案中英文版

权利法案中英文版【原创实用版】目录1.权利法案的背景和意义2.权利法案的中英文版本概述3.权利法案的主要内容4.权利法案对社会的影响正文1.权利法案的背景和意义权利法案，又称《权利法案 1689》，是英国历史上一部具有重要意义的宪法性文件。

它于 1689 年由英国国会通过，以法律的形式对国王的权力进行了明确的制约，保证了英国公民的基本权利。

这部法案的诞生标志着君主立宪制的确立，为英国的民主制度奠定了基础。

2.权利法案的中英文版本概述权利法案共有 13 条条款，其中英文原文可参见附件。

中文版本简要概述如下：（1）国王不得干涉国会的选举和议程。

（2）国会有权制定和修改法律，国王无权否决。

（3）国会有权对国王的行为进行调查。

（4）国王不得在和平时期维持常备军。

（5）国王不得干预公民的宗教信仰自由。

（6）公民有权拥有和携带武器。

（7）公民有权对国王及其官员提起诉讼。

（8）国王不得剥夺公民的财产和自由。

（9）公民有权参与制定税收政策。

（10）国王不得在国会同意前征税。

（11）国王不得干预司法审判。

（12）公民有权对侵犯其权利的行为提起诉讼。

（13）本法案为英国公民的基本权利法案，任何人不得侵犯。

3.权利法案的主要内容权利法案主要从以下几个方面对公民权利进行了保障：（1）限制国王权力。

权利法案对国王的立法权、司法权、财政权、军事权等进行了明确制约，使之不能滥用权力，从而确保公民的权利不受侵犯。

（2）保障公民权利。

权利法案明确规定了公民的宗教信仰自由、言论自由、财产权、人身自由等权利，为公民的基本权利提供了法律保障。

（3）确立国会主权。

权利法案确立了国会拥有最高立法权、司法权和财政权的原则，使国会成为维护公民权利的主要力量。

4.权利法案对社会的影响权利法案的颁布对英国社会产生了深远的影响：（1）推动民主制度的发展。

权利法案的颁布使英国成为世界上第一个实行君主立宪制的国家，为民主制度的发展奠定了基础。

（2）促进社会稳定。

英语国家社会与文化入门Unit3

英语国家社会与文化入门Unit3Unit3一、判断题1、It is no doubt Britain is the oldest representive democracy in the world.（F）毫无疑问英国是世界上最古老的表现性的民主。

2、In Britain,the Process of state-building has been one of evolution rather revoution,in contrast to France and the US.（T）在英国,国家建设一直是进化的过程,而次大革命,相比之下,法国和美国。

3、The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy.（T）最古老的政府机构在英国是君主制。

4、The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects.（F）国王的神圣权利意味着主权权威来自他的臣民。

5、As the king in theory had God on his side,it was tought that he should exercise absolute power.（F）国王在理论上有上帝在他的身边,想,他应该行使绝对权力。

6、The term"parliament"was first offcially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns.（F）“议会”这个词第一次被据1066年用来描述封建贵族的聚会和代表县和城镇。

7、Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.（T）英国是议会民主和君主立宪制国家。

权利法案中英文版

权利法案（Bill of Rights）通常指的是特定国家的法律文件，它旨在保障公民的基本自由和权利不受政府侵犯。

以下是英国和美国各自的权利法案中英文对照概述：英国《权利法案》（1689年）中文标题：国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言英文全称：An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown内容摘要：确立了议会至上的原则，限制国王的权力。

保障了宗教自由、言论自由和请愿权等基本权利。

规定国王必须定期召开议会，并且未经议会同意不得征税或维持常备军。

美国《权利法案》（1791年）英文名称：The Bill of Rights内容摘要：1. 第一条修正案：保障信仰、言论、出版、集会、请愿的自由。

2. 第二条修正案：保障人民持有并携带武器的权利。

3. 第三条修正案：禁止在和平时期无住宅主人同意的情况下驻扎士兵。

4. 第四条修正案：禁止非法搜查和扣押，除非有合理的理由和搜查令。

5. 第五条修正案：保障正当程序，包括不经合法程序不得剥夺生命、自由或财产；禁止双重危险及强迫自证其罪。

6. 第六条修正案：规定刑事审判中的各项权利，如迅速公开审判、由犯罪行为发生地的州和区公正陪审团审判、被告知指控详情、面对证人和获取律师帮助的权利等。

7. 第七条修正案：民事诉讼中，当案件涉及金额超过一定数额时，享有由陪审团审判的权利。

8. 第八条修正案：禁止施加过重的保释金、罚款以及残酷和非常规的惩罚。

9. 第九条修正案：保留未明确列举于宪法但属于人民的权利。

10. 第十条修正案：保留给各州或人民的那些未被宪法授予联邦政府、也未禁止各州行使的所有权力。

以上为简要概括，具体条款内容需查阅相关法律文本以获得详尽信息。

2020年高考历史一轮复习课时精练7【英国君主立宪制的确立】附答案解析

2020年高考历史一轮复习课时精练7【英国君主立宪制的确立】一、选择题1.(2018甘肃兰州一模,34)1688年,英国资产阶级和新贵族发动了推翻詹姆士二世的统治、防止天主教复辟的非暴力政变,这场革命没有发生流血冲突,因此历史学家将其称为“光荣革命”。

新贵族与资产阶级联合的重要原因是()A.新贵族的政治地位相对较低B.新贵族的宗教信仰发生改变C.新贵族的生产方式发生变化D.恢复斯图亚特王朝的统治2.(2018四川眉山三模,33)1688年“光荣革命”之后,大部分辉格党人放弃运用契约理论、天赋人权或者人民主权这些激进观念为革命合理性做出辩护。

相反,他们认为“光荣革命”是对宪政传统的恢复。

这表明在当时英国()A.政治合法性受历史传统影响B.“光荣革命”成果受到挑战C.立宪政体未能阻止国王专权D.政治生活缺乏理性精神3.(2018重庆高考调研卷二,33)1689年,英国《权利法案》第五条规定:“向国王请愿,乃国民之权利,一切对此项请愿之判罪或控告,皆为非法。

”这一条款主要有利于()A.工业资产阶级维护自身权利B.通过限制王权保障议会权力C.英国国王走向“统而不治”D.国民自由表达民意反映民情4.(2018山东济南二模,33)1701年英国国会通过的“嗣位法”规定:英国王位不能传给天主教徒,英国国王必须参加英国国教会,依附国王的人不能担任下议院议员,法官的任免权归议会。

据此可知英国() A.权力斗争延伸到宗教领域B.实现了国王“统而不治”C.国王和议会斗争仍在延续D.司法权由议会下院掌握5.(2018河南郑州三模,33)沃波尔任首相晚期,反对派聚集在王储威尔士亲王弗雷德利克周围,盼望有朝一日王位更迭,得到重用,从而形成了“太子帮”。

这说明此时英国()A.君主立宪制发生变异B.责任制内阁尚未形成C.政党政治还不够成熟D.国王仍掌握军政大权6.(2018江西上饶二模,33)上图是18世纪后期英国铜版画漫画(英国“快乐”与法国“惨况”的对比)(法国是“战争的诅咒”,英国是“和平的祝福”)。

英国权利法案（中英）

1689年英国权利法案国会两院经依法集会于西敏寺宫，为确保英国人民传统之权利与自由而制定本法律。

1．凡未经国会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力。

2．近来以国王权威擅自废除法律或法律实施之僭越权力，为非法权力。

3．设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令，以及一切其他同类指令与法庭，皆为非法而有害4．凡未经国会准许，借口国王特权，为国王而征收，或供国王使用而征收金钱，超出国会准许之时限或方式者，皆为非法。

5．向国王请愿，乃臣民之权利，一切对此项请愿之判罪或控告，皆为非法。

6．除经国会同意外，平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军，皆属违法。

7．凡臣民系新教徒者，为防卫起见，得酌量情形，并在法律许可范围内，置备武器。

8．国会议员之选举应是自由的。

9．国会内之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由，不应在国会以外之任何法院或任何地方，受到弹劾或讯问。

10．不应要求过多的保释金，亦不应强课过分之罚款，更不应滥施残酷非常之刑罚。

11．陪审官应予正式记名列表并陈报之，凡审理叛国犯案件之陪审官应为自由世袭地领有人。

12．定罪前，特定人的一切让与及对罚金与没收财产所做的一切承诺，皆属非法而无效。

13．为申雪一切诉冤，并为修正、加强与维护法律起见，国会应时常集会。

彼等(即灵俗两界贵族与众议员等)并主张、要求与坚持上述各条为彼等无可置疑之权利与自由；凡上开各条中有损人民之任何宣告、判决、行为或诉讼程序，今后断不应据之以为结论或先例。

BILL OF RIGHTS1689An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settli ng the Succession of the CrownWhereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely representing all the estat es of the people of this realm, did upon the thirteenth day of Febr uary in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-eight [old style date] present unto their Majesties, then called and know n by the names and style of William and Mary, prince and princes s of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain declara tion in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following, viz.:Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of diver s evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did ende avour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom;By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspen ding of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliame nt;By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly p etitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power;By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the gre at seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes;By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament;By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in tim e of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers c ontrary to law;By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed cont rary to law;By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parlia ment;By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and caus es cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses;And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons h ave been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly di vers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders; And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in cri minal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty o f the subjects;And excessive fines have been imposed;And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted;And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures befo re any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm;And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the prince of Orange (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to mak e the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery a nd arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and T emporal and divers principal persons of the Commons) cause lettersto be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestant s, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, borou ghs and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this ye ar one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date], in or der to such an establishment as that their religion, laws and libertie s might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which lett ers elections having been accordingly made;And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Common s,pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assem bled in a full and free representative of this nation, taking into thei r most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends a foresaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usuallydone) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liber ties declare:That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal; That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners f or Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of li ke nature, are illegal and pernicious;That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in oth er manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal;That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all co mmitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against l aw;That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their def ence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliame nt ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines i mposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned, and jurors w hich pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholde rs;That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular p ersons before conviction are illegal and void;And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending,strengt hening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held fre quently.And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the pr emises as their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarati ons, judgments, doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the peopl e in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn herea fter into consequence or example; to which demand of their rights t hey are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness t he prince ofOrange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and re medy therein.Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the pri nce of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights whic h they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their r eligion, rights and liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal a nd Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereuntobelonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdo ms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during the ir lives and the life of the survivor to them, and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the sai d prince of Orange in the names of the said prince and princess d uring their joint lives, and after their deceases the said crown and r oyal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heir s of the body of the said princess, and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince o f Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly. And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths have allegiance and supremacy might be required b y law, instead of them; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated."I, A.B., do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen M ary. So help me God.""I, A.B., do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjur e as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position, that princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authorityof the see of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisd iction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm. So help me God."Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal di gnity of the kingdoms of England, France and Ireland, and the dom inions thereunto belonging, according to the resolution and desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration. And thereupon their Majesties were pleased that the said Lords Spir itual and Temporal and Commons, being the two Houses of Parlia ment, should continue to sit, and with their Majesties' royal concu rrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion, l aws and liberties of this kingdom, so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted, to which the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons did agree, and procee d to act accordingly.Now in pursuance of the premises the said Lords Spiritual and Te mporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, for the ratifying, co nfirming and establishing the said declaration and the articles, claus es, matters and things therein contained by the force of law made i n due form by authority of Parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted that all and singular the rights and liberties assert ed and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient and ind ubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed and taken to be; and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and stri ctly holden and observed as they are expressed in the said declarati on, and all officers and ministers whatsoever shall serve their Maje sties and their successors according to the same in all time to com e.And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, seriously considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his marvellous p rovidence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and prese rve their said Majesties' royal persons most happily to reign over u s upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto hi m from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge and declare, that King Jam es the Second having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their sai d Majesties did become, were, are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and qu een of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the royal state, crown an d dignity of the said realms with all honours, styles, titles, regalitie s, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities to the same bel onging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and entirely inves ted and incorporated, united and annexed. And for preventing all qu estions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession ther eof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquility and safety of t his nation doth under God wholly consist and depend, the said Lor ds Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted, established and declared, that the crown a nd regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining, shal l be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that the entire, perfect and full exercise of the regal power and governmen t be only in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both the ir Majesties during their joint lives; and after their deceases the sai d crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty, and for default of such issue to her Royal Highne ss the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of the body of his said Majesty; and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporaland Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most hu mbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities for ever, and do faithfully promise that they will stand to, maintain a nd defend their said Majesties, and also the limitation and successio n of the crown herein specified and contained, to the utmost of the ir powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary.And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsisten t with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be gove rned by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papis t, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, o r shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this real m and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part o f the same, or to have, use or exercise any regal power, authority or jurisdiction within the same; and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance; and the said crown and government shall from t ime to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or personsbeing Protestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons so reconciled, holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead; and th at every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter s hall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom sh all on the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament next after his or her coming to the crown, sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of the Lords and Commons therei n assembled, or at his or her coronation before such person or pers ons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at the t ime of his or her taking the said oath (which shall first happen), make, subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second entitled, _An Act for the more effectual preserving the kin g's person and government by disabling papists from sitting in eithe r House of Parliament._ But if it shall happen that such king or qu een upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years, then every such king or queen shal l make, subscribe and audibly repeat the same declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parliame nt as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen sh all have attained the said age of twelve years.All which their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declare d, enacted and established by authority of this present Parliament, a nd shall stand, remain and be the law of this realm for ever; and t he same are by their said Majesties, by and with the advice and c onsent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parlia ment assembled and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted and established accordingly.II. And be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesai d, that from and after this present session of Parliament no dispens ation by _non obstante_ of or to any statute or any part thereof sh all be allowed, but that the same shall be held void and of no effe ct, except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute, and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bil l or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament. III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one th ousand six hundred eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or inv alidated by this Act, but that the same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this Act had never been made.。

英语国家概况名词解释

英语国家概况名词解释（Cindy Cheung）1．A nglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.2．S inn Fein(Unit 2) Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.(Unit 11) Author Griffith developed a political party in the period of 1905-08 known as Sinn Fein- meaning “we ourselves” in the Irish language. The Sinn Fein policy was that Irish MPs should withdraw from Westminster and establish an independent parliament. Traditionally, Sinn Fein had close links with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a secret society struggling for national independence.3．H ome RuleIreland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. “Home Rule” refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.4．T he Bill of Rights of 1689 (英国1689 《权利法案》)In 1689, King JamesⅡ’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.5．T he functions of ParliamentThe functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.6．T he House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.7．T he importance of general electionsGeneral elections are very important in western democracy. According to the author, the provide opportunities for people to influence future government polities and to replace those incompetent political leaders.8．P rivatization in the 1980sThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.9．C omprehensive schoolsComprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.10．The Open UniversityThe Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960’s for people who might not get the opportunity for the higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centers. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.11．EisteddfodWales has a long poetic tradition. Poems written in the traditional Welsh language and style are governed by ancient codes and conventions. This poetic tradition has been celebrated for centuries in eisteddfod, a Welsh word meaning a gathering where people recite verses and sing songs. Wales had been controlled by the English for hundreds of years and so English became the national language. Speaking Welsh was seen as a bad thing. The Welsh language began to die, but Welsh speakers fought hard to preserve it. One way they accomplished this was to celebrate their culture and their language each August with a really large Eisteddfod which would remind people throughout the UK of Wales’ special cultural heritage. The Eisteddfod is now the largest popular festival of music making and poetry writing in Europe.12．The Great FamineThe Great Famine took place from 1845-48 when successive potato crops failed and many people of Ireland starved to death, or died of the diseases which preyed on malnutrition. Many left the country for the New World. The Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history, not merely because there was mass starvation and emigration, but also because the British government appeared to be indifferent to the fate of the poorest people in its nearest colony. Naturally this period is characterized by campaigns for national independence and land reform.13．The Easter Rising of 1916It was a rebellion by Irish nationalists against British rule on 24 April 1916 (Easter Monday). The Irish V olunteers, led by Patrick Pearse and the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, staged the uprising. The British crushed the rising within a week and executed its leaders. A wave of nationalist sentiment produced an electoral victory for Sinn Fein in 1918.14．Checks and balancesThe Irish system of government is based on the American principle of “checks and balances”: that is, the power of the executive branch of government can be checked by the legislature (the two houses of parliament) and by the judiciary, through courts which interpret the law. Enforcement is also part of the role of the courts of law, and is actually carried out by the police force. Both the legal system and the police force are conceived of as independent of political influence.15．The Civil ServiceThe civil service in Ireland is divided into sixteen Government Departments, each headed by a Minister appointed by the Prime Minister. Ministers have final responsibility for these areas. The civil service is politically independent in the performance of its duties and has no involvement in party politics. In fact, party political activity is strictly forbidden for all middle and high-ranking civil servants. Recruitment to the civil service is by public competitive exams administered by the independent Civil Service Commission and is open to every citizen of the Republic. At present, there are some 30,000 people employed in the civil service. 16．The DreamingThe Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land; instead the land owns the people. The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with the with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous people can survive in the life-threatening environment.17．Terra NulliusTerra Nullius is from Latin. It means a land that is owned by no one. The British declared the Australian continent Terra Nullius to justify their invasion of the indigenous people’s land. It served to legitimize their taking possession of the land and devalue the indigenous people as uncivilized and not fully human. 18．PastoralistsThe pastoralists are major landowners. They are usually the magistrates of their local area. They used the legal power as magistrates to force convict labourers to work hard. They built their wealth on the unpaid labour of the convicts. This is why they supported the transportation of convicts to Australia.19．EmancipistsThe emancipists are ex-convicts who were fully or conditionally pardoned for conduct or service. They became successful farmers, lawyers, architects and government administrators. They contributed a lot to the development of Australian society. By the 1820s, a third of the richest men in the colony were emancipists, among them were Mary Reiby and James Ruse.20．The “Washminster” form polityThe “Washminster” form of polity is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of the government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.21．The Governor-GeneralThe Governor-General is the formal head of the executive branch of the government. He is the representative of the Queen in Australia. However, as the British monarch as no real power in Australia, the Governor-General acts only on the advice of the Executive Council, which is made up of himself and the Cabinet. 22．MulticulturalismMulticulturalism was adopted in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural Identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; Social Justice, the right to equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.23．The White Australia PolicyThe White Australia Policy was officially adopted by the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901, in the Immigration Restriction Act. It was made to stop Chinese and other non-British migrants from entering and settling down in Australia. This was mainly achieved through a dictation test in a European language. The White Australia Policy was officially abolished in 1973.。

1689年《权利法案》

1689年《权利法案》摘要：1.背景介绍- 英国资产阶级革命- 君主立宪制的确立2.《权利法案》的主要内容- 限制国王的权力- 确立议会高于王权的原则- 保障人民的基本权利3.《权利法案》的意义- 英国政治民主化的里程碑- 为资本主义发展扫清道路4.与中国古代政治制度的对比- 相权与王权的对比- 英国议会制度的发展正文：1689 年，《权利法案》的颁布奠定了英国君主立宪制的理论和法律基础，标志着英国政治体制的转型。

该法案是在英国资产阶级革命背景下产生的，其目的是限制国王的权力，保障人民的基本权利，为资本主义的发展扫清道路。

《权利法案》的主要内容包括限制国王的权力、确立议会高于王权的原则和保障人民的基本权利。

首先，该法案明确规定，国王不得干涉法律，和平时期未经议会同意国王不得维持常备军，没有议会同意，国王不得征税。

其次，人民有向国王请愿的权利，人民有配带武器以用以自卫的权利，人民有选举议会议员的权利。

最后，《权利法案》还规定，国王不得干涉议会的言论自由，人民有不遭受残酷与非常惩罚的自由，人民有在未审判的情况下不被课罚金的自由。

《权利法案》的颁布具有重要的历史意义。

首先，它奠定了英国君主立宪制的理论和法律基础，使君主立宪制在英国开始建立。

其次，它大大削弱了国王的权力，使议会治理国家的权力增强，有利于英国走上资产阶级政治民主化的道路。

最后，《权利法案》为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路，对英国社会的进步和繁荣起到了积极的推动作用。

与中国古代政治制度相比，《权利法案》体现了一种权力制衡的思想。

在中国古代，相权在一定程度上能够限制王权，但王权始终是最高权力。

而在英国，议会逐渐成为最高权力机构，国王的权力受到制约。

此外，《权利法案》保障了人民的基本权利，使英国社会逐渐走向民主化。

而在中国古代，尽管有各种法律和制度，但人民的基本权利往往得不到保障。

总之，《权利法案》的颁布对英国政治体制的发展产生了深远影响，为英国社会的进步和繁荣奠定了基础。