管理经济学第二章02——需求、供给与市场均衡课件PPT

PR
Direct for substitutes
Inverse for plements
d = Qd/PR is positive d = Qd/PR is negative
Direct
e = Qd/ is positive
Pe
Direct
f = Qd/Pe is positive
N
Direct
g = Qd/N is positive
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2.1 Demand(需求)
Quantity demanded (Qd)（需求量）
Amount of a good or service consumers are willing & able to purchase during a given period of time
一个特定时期内，消费者对一种商品，愿意而且能 够购买的数量。
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General Demand Function
Variable
Relation to Qd
Sign of Slope Parameter
P
Inverse
b = Qd/P is negative
M
Direct for normal goods c = Qd/M is positive Inverse for inferior goods c = Qd/M is negative
The equation plotted is the inverse demand function, P = f(Qd)
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Graphing Demand Curves
A point on a direct demand curve shows either:
Maximum amount of a good that will be purchased for a given price
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2.2 Supply（供给）
Quantity supplied (Qs)（供给量）
Amount of a good or service offered for sale during a given period of time
Maximum price consumers will pay for a specific amount of the good
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A Demand Curve (Figure 2.1)
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2.1.4 需求量的变化与需求的变化
Change in quantity demanded
Occurs when price changes Movement along demand curve
Chapter 2
需求、供给与市场均衡
Demand,Supply,and Market Equilibrium
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Demand,Supply,and Market Equilibrium
2.1 需求 2.2 供给 2.3 市场均衡 2.4 市场交易的价值 2.5 市场均衡的变动 2.6 限制价与支持价
Qd increases when P falls & Qd decreases when P rises, all else constant
Qd/P must be negative
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2.1.3 Inverse Demand Function （反需求函数）
Traditionally, price (P) is plotted on the vertical axis & quantity demanded (Qd) is plotted on the horizontal axis
Change in demand
Occurs when one of the other variables, or
determinants of demand, changes
Demand curve shifts rightward or leftward
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Shifts in Demand (Figure 2.2)
。广义需求函数:六因素P,M,PR,J,Pe,N。
产品或服务的价格 消费者的收入 相关产品的价格 消费者的偏好 预期价格 消费者的数量
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General Demand Function
Qd a bP cM dPR e fPe gN
b, c, d, e, f, & g are slope parameters Measure effect on Qd of changing one of the
variables while holding the others constant
Sign of parameter shows how variable is related to Qd
Positive sign indicates direct relationship Negative sign indicates inverse relationship
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2.1.1 General Demand Function （广义需求函数）
Six variables that influence Qd
Price of good or service (P) Ines of consumers (M) Prices of related goods & services (PR)
• Taste patterns of consumers ( ) • Expected future price of product (Pe) • Number of consumers in market (N)
• General demand function
• Qd f (P, M , PR , , Pe , N ) 4
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2.1.2 Direct Demand Function （直接需求函数）
The direct demand function, or simply demand, shows how quantity demanded, Qd , is related
to product price, P, when all other variables are held constant Qd = f(P) Law of Demand