外文翻译- 机床的基本部件

机床的基本部件

大多数机床由两个或多个组件构成。这些组件，虽然他们可能有不同的功能如车床，铣或钻床，但他们有着共同的特点。

由于对如车床，加工中心，铣床，磨床，整本书中显示的许多其他金属切削机床的需求，出现了柔性加工中心，在不断发展。大规模生产及专用机床的构造的基本要素。本章将介绍这些元素。

机床结构的重要的要求包括刚度，形状，操作员和部分附属物，易于排屑和安全性。在机床性能，静态和精度方面。机器结构的稳定性是必要的，对产品制造的现代加工方法的广度的理解。

切割机的结构。

铸件，锻件，热或冷成形形状通常需要加工。不同的大小，形状和材料需要不同的加工。

机械加工设备不仅在拥有的切削刀的数量上不同，而且在工具和工件的相对运动方式上也有所不同。在一些机床中（立式加工中心，钻床，镗床，铣床，牛头刨床，和磨床）工件依然保持静止而刀具运动。在另外一些机床中（刨床，车床，镗床）刀具是相对固定和工件移动。但是，应该指出的是，很少有不加修改地应用了这些简单的元素。

单刃成型工具的机床是最容易想象的。车床和掘进机是采用单点工具运动倒置。在旋转的车床工作，但切割工具是固定的。在掘进机中刀具旋转，而工作是固定的。虽然车刀和镗床工作台都没有真正固定的，但是这被忽略了。为了找到一个工具运输过去旋转的工作通

常是比较可以接受，而不是找旋转启闭工作和过去的固定刀架支持。成型机和面使用单刃刀具。小工件在插床上比刨床上更易加工。机器的整体外观通过扭转了工件和刀具运动的关系而被改变。然而，切割作用原理是相同的。

随着铣刀由礼惠特尼在19世纪初引进，旋转工具，只能作为一个没用的工具，但惠特尼给了它一个新的应用。铣刀不再是仅仅用于加工圆形的孔，而且还用来加工键槽、窄缝、锯削、铣平面、齿轮以及成型不规则的零件。

除了采用旋转工具（砂轮）代替单刃刀具外，外圆磨床和车床、镗床的运动方式是一样的。

这些基本切割机的特点是：在标签中列出。

Basic Machine Tool Elements

Most machine tools are constructed by using two or more components. These components , although they may have different function in such as a lathe , mill or drill press , have common characteristics

Because of the demand for metal removal machines such as lathes , machining centers ,milling machines ,grinders , and the many others shown throughout this book , there has been continuous development in flexible machining centers .the mass-produced and special machine tools are constructed of basic elements . this chapter describes those elements .

Important requirements for machine tool structures include rigidity, shape , operator and part accessibility , ease of chip removal , and safety . In terms of machine tool performance , static and precision . Stability of the machine structure is necessary to appreciate the breadth of modern machining methods in the manufacture of products .

Structures For Cutting Machines

Castings , forgings , and hot-or cold-formed shapes usually require machining .The variety of sizes , shapes , and materials calls for diversity in machining.

Machine tools differ not only in the number of cutting edges they employ , but also in the way the tool and workpiece are moved in relation

to each other . In some machines (vertical machining centers , drill presses , boring machines , milling machines, shapers, and grinders) the workpiece remains virtually motionless and the tool moves . in others (planers , lathes , and boring mills ) the tool is virtually fixed and the workpiece moves. But it should be pointed out that seldom are these simple elements applied without modification .

The dingle-piont tool-shaping machines are the easiest to visualize , the lathe and the boring machine are kinematic inversions employing the single-point tool . the work rotates in the lathe, but the cutting toll is stationary . In the boring machine the tool rotates while the work is stationary . Although the lathe tool and the boring machine worktable are not truly stationary , this is overlooked for the moment . To feed a tool carriage past rotating work is usually more acceptable than to feed rotating work with headstock and supports past a stationary tool post . The shaper and planer use single-point cutting tool . The smaller workpiece is more efficiently machined on the shaper than on the planer . The general appearance of the machine is changed by reversing the kinematic relationship of work and tool . However , the cutting action principle is identical .

With the introduction of the milling cutter by Eli Whitney in the early 1800s , the rotating tool was used only as a boring tool . But Whitney gave it a new application . The milling cutter was no longer used