完整版内燃机专业英语翻译

Chapter 1 Enging types and their operation

1.1 Introduction and historical perspective

1．内燃机的目的是从蕴含在燃料中的化学能中得到机械动力。

The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel .

2．有别于外部燃烧机器，在内燃机中，能量是在机器内部燃烧或氧化燃料释放出来的。In internal combustion engines ,as distinct from external combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine.

3．实际上正是由于燃烧发生在机器做功部件内部才使它们的设计和运行特征从根本上有别于其他类型的机器。

It is the fact that combustion takes places inside the work-producing part of these engines that makes their design and operating characteristics fundamentally different from those of other types of engine.

4.他的专利利用将液体燃料喷入仅由压缩而加热的空气中触发燃烧使效率高出其他类型内燃机的两倍。更高的压缩比，不存在爆震或敲缸的现象成为可能。

His concept of initiating combustion by injecting a liquid fuel into air heated solely by compression permitted a doubling of efficiency over other internal combustion engines.Much greater expansion ratios, without detonation or knock were now possible.

5.Houdry 发现蒸发的油在450至480度的温度下经过活性催化剂可转化为高质量汽油，比热裂解的产出高得多。这些进步以及其它改进使具有更好抗敲缸性能的燃料可以大量生产。

Houdry found that vaporized oils passed over an activated catalyst at 450 to 480 C were convented to high-quality gasoline in much higher yields than was possible with thermal cracking.These advances, and others, permitted fuels with better and better antiknock properties to be produced in large quantities.

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6. 留原油价格猛涨到1970年的几倍，（人们）开始担心石油的长期可持续性。大幅度提高内燃机效率的压力明显增加。然而，排放控制的要求使改善燃料消耗举步艰难。During the 1970s the price of crude petroleum rose rapidly to several times its cost in 1970, and concern built up regarding the longer-term availability of petroleum. Pressures for substantial improvements in internal combustion engine efficiency have become very substantial indeed. Yet emission-control requirements have made improving engine fuel consumption more difficult.

7. 人们可能认为经过了一个多世纪，内燃机（技术）已经达到顶峰，没有进一步改善的潜力。实际并非如此。传统内燃机在效率、功率、排放水平方面都在不断改善。

It might be thought that after over a century of development, the internal combustion engine has reached its peak and little potential for further improvement remains. Such is not the case. Conventional spark-ignition and diesel engines continue to show substantial improvements in efficiency, power, and degree of emission control.

1.2 Engine classifications

8. 所有这些特征都很重要，它们显示了现有内燃机设计的范围。由于我们想从根本上了解内燃机的运行和排放特征，点火方式被选为最主要的分类特点。不同点火方式（火花点火或压缩点火）伴随使用燃料、混合物准备方法、燃烧室设计、负载控制、燃烧过程的详细过程、排放、运行特点等重要特征。

All these distinctions are important and they illustrate the breadth of engine designs available. Because this book approaches the operating and emissions characteristics of internal combustion engines from a fundamental point of view, the method of ignition has been selected as the primary classifying feature. From the method of ignition-spark-ignition or compression-ignition --follow the important characteristics of the fuel used, method of mixture preparation, combustion chamber design,method of load control, details of the combustion process, engine emissions, and operating characteristics.

1.3 Engine operation cycles