跨文化交际词汇复习(1)

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大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库

1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。

胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》章节练习(语言交际)【圣才出品】

第5章语言交际一、填空题1．英语中的“stereotype”意思是________，它是指对于某些个人或群体的属性的一套固有观念和看法。

（北京外国语大学2010年研）【答案】刻板印象【解析】尽管没有和某一种文化接触，人们可能已经对它有一种先入为主的印象。

例如，认为法国人浪漫，德国人严格，美国人随便，日本人工作努力等等。

这些就是一些刻板印象，也可以称作定型。

刻板印象在英语中是“stereotype”，可以定义为：刻板印象是对于某些个人或群体的属性的一套信念。

这些属性可能是正面的，也可能是负面的。

2．讲话人认为他提出的看法有可能遭到对方的反对，因此先摆出各种情况，后提出看法，适用于这一情况的的交际模式是_________。

【答案】归纳法【解析】归纳法适用于讲话人认为他提出的看法有可能遭到对方的反对，因此先摆出各种情况，后提出看法的情况。

东方人出于礼貌的考虑，不愿意自己认定有权提出某种看法或把某一看法强加于对方，因此习惯于用归纳法（即用种种材料、事实铺垫的方法）提出自己的看法。

二、判断题1．跨文化交际文化的冲突和适应四阶段包括蜜月、挫折、发展和调整阶段。

(北京大学2010年研）【答案】错误【解析】跨文化交际理论中特里夫诺维奇1977年提出的“四阶段理论”，即“蜜月”、“挫折”、“调整”和“适应”这四个阶段。

2．文化词汇是指特定文化范畴的词汇，它是民族文化在语言词汇中直接或间接的反映。

【答案】正确【解析】文化词汇本身载有明确的民族文化信息，并且隐含着深层的民族文化的含义。

它与民族文化，包括上面所说的物质文化、制度文化和心理文化有各种关系，有的是该文化的直接反映，如“龙、凤、华表”等；有的则是间接反映，如汉语中的红、黄、白、黑等颜色词及松、竹、梅等象征词语；有的和各种文化存在着渊源关系，如来自文化典籍的词语及来自宗教的词语等。

三、选择题1．以下哪个因素会妨碍跨文化交流的顺利进行（）。

（北京大学2010年研）A．勇于创新B．思想开放C．高度重视工作任务D．较少以自我为中心【答案】C【解析】妨碍跨文化交流顺利进行的有认识上的误区，思想闭塞；民族中心主义，以自我为中心；刻板印象，较少创新思维等。

大学英语跨文化交际U3 课文案例+词汇习语整理

U3 Daily Verbal Communication一、案例Case 1美国爸爸和女儿来到菲律宾，举行首次领圣餐仪式，叫了菲律宾朋友，他不置可否，后来却去了别的朋友之间聚会。

美国人觉得很不尊重领圣餐仪式，因此关系不好了起来。

Comment：美国人把这种仪式，特别是关于自己的孩子的看的很重要；而菲律宾朋友忽略了美国人的习俗，而且清点人数是美国人开party 前要做的，为了确保食物数量。

Case 2新西兰人在公开场合对他的菲律宾朋友进行建议和批评，让他下不来台。

他的菲律宾朋友十分生气，并且取消了晚上的一起吃饭。

Comment：在菲律宾，不可以当面指出别人的错误（面子、）；在新西兰，被看成是十分正常的。

选项：Jose thought that Stans actions during the meeting were not those of a true friendCase 3菲律宾夫妇遇见了英国熟人，又遇见了自己的菲律宾朋友，并且大声地用自己的语言进行寒暄，英国人因此十分不悦。

选项：He thought the Filipinos were very rude for introducing him to their friend.Case 4在澳大利亚“no etiquette”customno seeing out when guests leaves；no stand-up when leaders come in；no help for old people专题：Compliments and compliment responsesExamples：1.中国女士买了条裙子，美国女士说好看，中国女士说哎呀一般般；2.美国女主人向别人介绍中国学者，夸赞，中国学者却笑着说你不是真的这个意思？3.中国式谦虚反映了：1.the taste of the American lady is questionable，and poor judgement2.the hostess is not sincere3.“fishing for compliments”沽名钓誉，别人会接着夸你Social functions of complimentssituations: range from formal to casualIn formal situations—reinforce solidarity，connected with the appreciation of something that has been done to the speaker（尼克松访华：感谢中国人的好客和款待）In informal situations —achieve solidarity；make people feelcomfortable体现在：greeting people；expressing thanks ；getting over embarrassmentDifferences between Chinese and English compliments美国，女人不主动夸男人，但是男士应该通俗的对女士的打扮和衣着进行赞美但是在中国，如果男士夸奖女士，会被认为是调情，不尊重。

跨文化交际知识点汇总

一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。

一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际。

另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际。

2.跨文化交际的特点是什么？跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反应；跨文化交际是一种挑战，更是一种收获。

3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学？国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性体现在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提高文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提高在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的能力；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际能力的方法和策略。

4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些？文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际；非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际能力；跨文化交际训练。

二、交际与文化1.什么是文化？关于文化的定义，学界至今未有统一的定论。

而作为跨文化交际的学习者，我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确，而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关，最能体现文化与跨文化交际的关系。

教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念，这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导。

2.什么是文化要素？文化要素包罗万象。

其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言。

理解这些文化要素，有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用。

3.G. Hofstede与 G.J.Hofstede(2004)提出的文化要素包括几个层次？包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次。

4.在跨文化交际领域，常用的文化分类方法有几种？分别是什么？有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用。

跨文化交际学概论笔记

跨文化交际学概论笔记----f334b180-7164-11ec-82d6-7cb59b590d7d第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交流——不同文化背景的人进行交流的过程。

今天，跨文化交际越来越受到人们的关注，主要原因是由于交通的进步和交际手段的发展，来自不同国家、种族和民族的人们可以频繁地接触和交流。

l、哈姆斯认为，世界上的交流经历了五个阶段：语言的出现；用词；印刷技术的发明；近百年来交通工具的进步和通讯工具的快速发展；跨文化交流。

在过去的二十年里，交流的特点是跨文化交流。

二、第二章跨文化交际学1.首先，它在美国兴起。

美国有来自各国的移民，有自己的文化体系和习俗，并逐渐形成了美国社会的多元文化格局；美国与其他国家交往频繁。

2.edwarhall《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。

认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。

（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨）3.1970年是具有重大意义的一年。

今年，国际传播学会承认跨文化传播是传播的核心一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。

1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。

一、沟通与沟通三、传播的种类沟通可以分为人际沟通和非人际沟通；人际交往可以分为社会交往和非社会交往。

非社交沟通指的是内向沟通（自我沟通）。

社会传播包括人际传播、组织传播和大众传播。

第四章语言交际一、语言和文化密不可分（语言反映一个民族的文化，同时有受到文化的巨大影响。

）语言与文化有着密切的关系。

由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。

不存在没有语言的文化，也不存在没有文化的语言。

广义的文化包括语言，同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。

语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。

e.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。

汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或婚系亦十分重视。

古人有强烈的传宗接代的观念，按血缘远近区别亲疏,家族里又有内外嫡庶之别。

跨文化交际词汇汇总表

anecdote n. a short interesting or amusing story about a particular person or evente.g. He told some amusing anecdotes about his years as a policemanarchaeologist n. a person studying ancient things archer n. a person who shoots with a bow and arrows betray v. to give away or make knownbetter off （经济）境况较好的e.g. She was much better off when she got promoted.bilateral adj. of, on or with two sidese.g. France and Germany have signed a bilateral agreement.bilingual adj. of, containing, or expressed in two languagesbraille n. (a way of) printing with raised round marks which blind people can read by touching thembuffet n. a place or counter where food and drink may be bought and consumedcasino n. a building for social activities esp. playing games for moneycensure n. the act of blaming or expressing strong disapprovale.g. His dishonest behaviour came under severe censure.cleric n. a priest, esp. in the Christian Church clumsy adj. done or made in an awkward fashion coincide v. (of ideas, opinions) to be in agreementcommonplace n./adj. a well-known statement or remark worn out by too much /ordinary; not regarded as special or unusualcompetence n. ability to do what is neededcompliment n. an expression of praise, admiration or respectcondole v. to express sympathy, regret at a loss, misfortune, etc.contrary adj. completely different;wholly opposedcriteria n. fact or standard by which you judge, decide about or deal with sth.标准，准则decipher n. to discover the meaning of (sth. difficult or secret, esp. a code) 译解；破译（密码）diagnose v. to discover the nature of (a disease) dish n. 截抛物面天线don v. to put on (clothing or mask)dramatise v. to put a story, novel, etc. into the forrd of a dramadrive home to make unmistakably clear 使人理解（接受）dynamic adj. energetic and forcefulencoder n. 编码器exert v. to make an effort extraterrestrial adj. (coming from) outside the earthflaw n. a small sign of damage, such as a mark or crack, that makes an object not perfectflourish v. to wave in the hand mad so draw attention to (sth.)e.g. He came in smiling, flourishing her exam results.for good for evere.g. We thought that he was gone for good.frown upon 表示不满、不赞许gorgeous adj. delightfulhiccup n. sudden stopping of the breath with a cough-like sound 打嗝in no time very quicklye.g. I'll be back in no time.inference n. process of drawing a conclusion and reaching an opinion (from facts or reasoning) 推理institutionalised adj. 制度化的；一成不变的；约定俗成的interlocutor n. the person who is talking to himself or herself, or to sb.elseinterval n. a period of time between events intrude v. to come in when not wantedintuition n. the power to know how sth. happens or will happen, without reasoningjot down to write quickly, esp.without preparation mono-cultural adj. 单一文化的norm n. a standard of proper behaviour or principle of right and wrongnotion n. an idea,belief or opinion;conceptionpaediatrician n. a doctor who has special training in medical care for children 儿科医生prosodic adj. 诗体学的，做诗法的pupil n. 瞳孔rating n. a person's position or class referral n. 工作分派，治疗安排schema n. a representation of an arrangement or plan 计划，方案sinologist n. a person who studies Chinese language, history, literature, etc. 汉学家spatial adj. of/in spacespeculate adj. to think about a matter in a light way 思索submit v. to offer for consideration syllable n. 音节tentative adj. made or done only as a trial to see the effectunilateral adj. one-sided 单方的，单边的e.g. He made a unilateral decision to cancel the agreement.abnormal adj. unusual, peculiaracculturation n. 文化渗透；文化互渗affective-oriented adj. 感情型的amiss adv. in a bad way; wrongly or imperfectlyappalling adj. causing fear; shocking, terriblee.g. The prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditionsassumption n. sth. taken for granted bloated adj. unpleasantly swollenblunt adj. speaking roughly and plainly boar n. wild boar 野猪callous adj. unfeeling;indifferentcarol n. a religious song of joy and praise esp. sung at Christmascivility n. politeness;the quality of having good mannersclash n. an example of opposition or disagreementcluster n. a number of things of the same kind growing or being close together in a groupcognitive-oriented adj. 认知型的cohesive adj. tending to stick togethercollectivism n. the system under which the means of production axe owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole 集体主义collide v. to disagree stronglyConfucianism n. the beliefs and practices of those who follow the teachingscongruent adj. suitable;agreeing 适合的；一致的；和谐的constrain v. to compel, limit, controldimension n. a measurement in any directiondisconcert v. to (cause to) feel doubt and anxiety e.g. The family was disconcerted at the unhappy news.discourse n. a serious conversation disillusion v. to free from a wrong idea downright adj. frank; honestdyadic adj. 二的，一双的；二进原子的egalitarian adj. holding or showing the belief that all men are equal 平等主义的embed v. to fix firmly and deeply inentity n. (the quality of having) a sinagle separate and independent existenceespouse v. to become involved with or support (an activity or opinion)euphoria n. a feeling of happiness and cheerful excitementfusion n. uniting or mixingharmony n. a state of agreement (in feeling, ideas);peacefulnesshectic adj. full of excitement and hurried movementhierarchy n. organisation with grades of authority from the lowest to the highest 统治集团in the shoes of in (sb.'s) positionindividualism n. the idea that the rights and freedom of an individual are the most important in a society 个人主义infringe v. to break (a rule, etc.); to violatee.g. The prisoners complained that their rights were infringed.ingredient n. one of the parts of a mixture 成分interaction n. the state or activity of working together to produce an effect on each otherinterference n. the noises and shapes which spoil the working of electrical apparatus （光波、声波的）干扰intervene v. to interrupt, esp. to prevent a bad resultintimacy n. the state of being intimate;close friendshipintrinsic adj. being part of the nature or character of sb. or sth. 内在的，本质的，固有的liberalism n. liberal views, opinions and principles 自由主义minimal adj. of the smallest possible amount, degree or sizemodesty n. the quality of being modest nag v. to worry or annoy continuously nurture v. to train,educate or develop orientation n. a position or directionparaphrase v. to re-express (sth. written or said) in different words 释义parliament n. the supreme law-making council or assembly 议会peer n. an equal in rank, quality or worthperspective n. a view esp. one stretching far into the distancepitfall n. an unexpected danger or difficultyprivilege n. a special right or advantage limited to one person or a few people 特权psychomotor-oriented adj. 心理运动型的reciprocal adj. exchanged between two people or groups reflect v. to consider carefullysavoury adj. pleasant or attractive in taste 美味可口的scrutiny n. thorough and detailed examination 仔细检查，监督sea-slug n. 海参self-abnegation n. 自我克制spouse n. a husband or a wifetaboo n. a word which vonvention prohibits 禁忌语tactic n. means of achieving an objecttransitional adj. changing or passing from one form to anotheruniformity n. the same in every way 一致，一致（性）vaguely adv. not clearly or distinctly; uncertainly valorisation n. 评价，估价variability n. probability that sth. will varyzest n. (a feeling of)being eager and excited e.g. He approaches every task with a boundless zest.aristocracy n. ruling body of noblesbias n. a tendency to be in favour of or against sth. or sb. Without knowing enough to be able to judge fairlybill n. the beak of a birdconjecture v. a guess, opinion based on incomplete or uncertainconnote v. to suggest a meaning in addition to the formal meaningcontroversy n. an argument about sth. over which there is much disagreementdelve v. to search deeplye.g. It's not good to delve into one's private life.endearment n. (an expression of) love entrench v. to place in a safe position feminist n. 女权主义者grandeur n. great beauty or power, often combined with great sizeintriguing adj. arousing the intrerest or curiosity knighthood n. the rank, title, or state of a knightlark n. any of several small light brown birds with long pointed wings, esp. the skylark 百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）masculinity n. the quality or state of being masculine 男子气概maternal adj. related through the mother's side monosyllabic adj. 单音节的muddle v. to confuse, esp.in the minde.g. Grandfather was muddled about the children's names.paternal adj. related through the fatherperpetuate v. to preserve; to cause to be continued or remembered 使永恒plosive n. a consonant sound 爆破音satchel n. a small bag for carrying over the shoulder 书包straightforward adj. understood in a direct way, without difficultytrisyllabic adj. 三音节的uncomplimentary adj. rudely critical 贬抑的variant n. a different formwhite lie a lie told with good attention 无恶意的谎言chauffeur n. a person employed to drive a carconcede v. to admit as true, just or proper often unwillinglyconvivial adj. gay; merrydisparity n. difference or inequality 不同，悬殊foot the bill付账go Dutch 打平伙（各自付钱合伙吃）e.g. We can go out tohave dinner as long as we go Dutch.humility n. the quality of being humble interwoven adj. woven together or with sth. else marvel v. to wonder, feel great surprise pool n. 落袋弹子游戏scrounger n. a person who gets what he wants by taking it without permission or by trickery 偷东西者snub v. to treat (a person)with cold behaviour or contempt 冷落，怠慢tab n. a bill 账单trivial adj. of little worth or importanceunder no circumstances never; regardless of events 决不，无论如何不antonym n. a word which means the opposite of another wordautonomous adj. (of state) self-governingbelabour v. to work on or talk about to silly lengthschronology n. the science which measures time and gives dates to eventscoherence n. natural or reasonable connection, esp. in thoughts or wordscorollary n. sth. that naturally follows from sth. else;result 必然结果denote v. to represente.g. His angry tone denoted extreme displeasure.dowry n. property and money brought by a bride to her husbandfilial adj. of or suitable to a son or daughter 子女的; 孝顺的imperative adj. urgent, needing immediate attention inborn adj. present from birth;part of one's nature induce v. to cause or produce 引起，导致offspring n. a child or childrenpreconception n. an opinion formed in advance without actual knowledgepropensity n. natural tendencyrapport n. close relationship or sympathy (with) 亲善关系repose n. comfortable restreticent adj. unwilling to speak about one's thoughts or feelings 谨慎的，沉默寡言的smack v. to have a slight flavour or suggestion (of) 带有…的风味synonym n. a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same languagetranscribe v. to make a full copy of (notes or recorded matter)transcript n. a written or printed copy accusation n. a charge of doing wrong aroma n. a sweet smell, fragranceassault n. / v. violent and sudden attack / to make an attackcontempt n. the feeling that sb. or sth. is of a lower rank and undesirablecutlery n. knives and other cutting instruments, esp. those used when eatingdignity n. true worth and nobleness of characterdiscern v. to see, notice, or understand, esp. with difficultyecstasy n. a state of extreme happinessecstatic adj. causing or experiencing ecstasy faecal adj. 粪便的；糟粕的fondle v. to touch gently and lovingly hold…in check to hold ... back 制止，控制humiliate v. to (cause to) feel humble or lose the respect of othersinscrutable adj. that cannot be understood or known;mysteriousinsolence n. the quality of showing disrespectful rudenessinversely adv. oppositely (in order or position)jostle v. to knock or push against rather roughly e.g. They were jostled by fans pushing their way towards the stage.manuscript n. the first or only copy of a book or piece of writing 手稿，原稿peep v. to look (at sth.) quickly and secretly peep n. a quick, incomplete, or secret lookperplex v. to (cause to)feel confused and troubled by being difficult to understand or answerpirouette n. a fast turn of the body on the toe 单脚着地旋转proximity n. nearnessprudence n. the state or quality of being prudent 谨慎reprimand n. severe official scoldingrestrain v. to control or prevent from doing sth. esp. by use of forcerevolt v. to feel sick and shocked; to turn from with violent dislike 反感revulsion n. feeling of being shocked and revolted secretive adj. having the habit of keeping things secret servility n. behaviour like a slave 奴性；屈从sponger n. a person who lives on other's expense 寄生虫，靠别人生活的人stand-offish adj. rather unfriendly; coldly suppression n. the state of being suppressedtaunt v. to try to make sb. angry or upset by making unkind remarks laughing at faults or failures 奚落，嘲笑treacherous adj. disloyal; deceitfulturn down to refuse (a request, person, etc.) e.g. He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling.unnerving adj. losing self-control, power of decision, courageveer v. to turn or change directionvulgarity n. the state or quality of being vulgar aerial adj. of, from, happening in the air airborne adj. in the air or carried by air or wind alternative n. a choice between two thingsaltruism n. principle of considering the well-being and happiness of others first 利他主义altruistic adj. 利他的；利他主义的aluminum n. a silver-white metal that is a simple substance light in weightamplitude n. the distance between the middle and top of a wave (such as a sound wave) 振幅antenna n. an aerial 天线antler n. a horn with branches which grows on the head of a male deerapparatus n. a set of instruments, machines, etc. that wok together for a particular purposeaquatic adj. living or happening in or on water badger n. 獾bandwidth n. 带宽barbarous adj. very cruel; uncivilizedbinary adj. consisting of two things or parts; double e.g. Computers operate using binary numbers.birch n. 白桦breakthrough n. the action of forcing a way through or making a discoverye.g. An important breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved.brood n. a family of young birds or other young creaturesbudget n. a plan of how to spend moneybugle n. a musical wind instrument of copper or brass used for military signals 军号，喇叭bustard n. a large swift-running bird 鸨鸟camcorder n. a combination of a small video camera and recording device 家庭手提摄像机cardinal adj. most important; maincascade n. a steep, high and usu. small waterfall cellular adj. having many holes 蜂窝式（如电话）coaxial adj. 共轴的，同轴的cobalt n. a strong shiny silver-white magnetic metal 钴congregation n. a group of people gathered togethercoot n. a type of water bird with dark grey feathers and a short beakcoranto n. 报纸（现仅用于报纸名）demodulate v. 解调；检波designate v. to point out or call by a special name disgruntled adj. annoyed and disappointeddisparagingly adv. 轻视地，贬低地dissemination n. spreading (news, ideas, etc.) widely dolphin n. a sea animal like a porpoise 海豚electromagnetic adj. 电磁的elicit v. to get, draw out (facts, information, etc.)elk n. 麋鹿emancipate v. to make free socially, politically, and in lawemblem n. an object which is the sign of sth.e.g. A dove is often used as an emblem of peace.etymological adj. 词源学的exhilaration n. making cheerful and excitedfacsimile n. an exact copy, esp. of a document 摹写, 传真falcon n. a bird that kills and eats other animals隼flint n. very hard fine-textured grey stone that makes small flashes of flame when struck with steel 燧石;火石floppy adj. soft and easily bent flowchart n. （生产）流程图forage v. to wander about looking for food and other suppliesformulaic adj. containing or made up of fixed expressions or set forms of words 公式的, 刻板的globalisation n. 全球化gravity n. the natural force by which objects are attracted to each othergrouse n. a bird with feathered feet, shot for sport and food 松鸡hive n. a place like a box where bees live hold forth to speak at length 大发议论honeycomb n. a container made of beeswax and consisting of 6-sided cells in which honey is storedhorizontal adj. in the flat position, along or parallel to the groundignite v. to (cause to) start to burninfiltrate v. to (cause to) pass through or into by filtering; (of ideas) to pass into people's mind 过滤; （思想）渗入ingenious adj. (of a person) clever and skillful (at making or inventing)innate adj. (of a quality) in one's nature possessed from birth 天生的instantaneous adj. happening at onceinsulate v. to protect from outside influence 隔离, 使孤立intermittent adj. not continuous 间断的internalisation n. 内在化laureate n. a poet officially appointed to the Royal Household in GB, who writes poems on state occasions 桂冠诗人linger v. to be slow to disappearlitter n. a group of young animals born at the same time to one mothermakeshift n. sth. used at the time because there is nothing better 代用品，权宜之计mallard n. a type of wild duck 绿头鸭martial adj. of or concerning war, soldiers, etc. 战争的，好战的microchip n. 芯片modem n. 调制解调器modulation n. the action of modulating 调节，调制multiparous adj. 一产多胎的nectar n. the sweet liquid collected by bees from flowersnightingale n. a type of bird known for the beautiful song heard at nightnimbleness n. quick and light movement nip v. to cut offnipple n. the part of a woman's breast through which a baby can suck milknomination n. the action or result of suggesting or naming officially for election to a position ,office, etc.提名，任命ointment n. a medicinal paste made from oil or fat and used on the skin (to heal injury) 膏药override v. to prevail over (sb.'s opinion, decision, claim, etc.)e.g.This problem overrides all other matters.panel n. a small group of people chosen to give advice or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment 公开讨论的专门小组papyrus n. a tall grass-like plant that grows in or near water 纸莎草parchment n. a writing material used in ancient time, made from the skin of a sheep or goat 羊皮纸partridge n. a sort of birds of the same family as the pheasantpatch n. a small differently coloured part of a surfacepatent n. 专利，专利权，专利证，专利品perch n. a branch, rod, etc. where a bird restsperseverance n. continual steady effort made to fulfill some aim 耐性，坚忍不拔pheasant n. any of various large long-tailed birds hunted for food 野鸡phosphor n. 磷光体pivot v. to turn round on or as if on a pivot (于旋轴上)旋转plaque n. a flat metal or stone plate with writingon it, fixed to a wall in memory of a personor event 匾牌，饰板Pleistocene adj. 更新式的plumage n. bird's featherspollen n. fine yellow powder on the male part of a flower 花粉pollock n. 绿鳕，青鳕porpoise n. a type of large fish-like sea animal 海豚，小鲸predator n. a wild animal living by killing and eating other animal 肉食动物prestigious adj. having or bringing prestige 有声誉的，受尊敬的primate n. a member of the most highly developed group of breast-feeding animal 灵长类动物quail n. a kind of small birds 鹌鹑rationalism n. the quality or practice of being a rationalist 唯理论regurgitate v. to pour out again from the mouth (food already swallowed) 反刍replica n. an exact copyresonant adj. (of a sound)deep, full, clear and continuing 共鸣的retrieval n. the act of regaining or bringing back retrieve v. to regain; to find and bring backroe n. a small kind of European and Asian deer 雄马鹿semaphore n. a system of sending massages, using two flags held in each hand in various positions 旗语setback n. sth. that happens which delays or prevents a process from advancingshatter v. to break suddenly into small pieces shellac n. 虫胶清漆shimmer v. to shine with a soft trembling light sideband n. 边频带simultaneously adv. happening or done at the same momentsnipe n. a bird which frequents marshes with a long bill 鹬spectrum n. a range of various kinds of waves 频谱spontaneity n. the quality of being spontaneousspontaneous adj. produced from natural feelings 自发的，本能的spruce n. 云杉树stereotype n. a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or eventstimuli n. sth. that stimulates 刺激物，促进因素stork n. 鹳tabular adj. arranged or displayed in tables 表格式的tattoo n. continuous tapping 连续敲打声tedious adj. long and tiring; uninteresting transaction n. （社会交往中的）相互作用transcend v. to go beyond; to be better than 超越；胜过transmission n. the act of transmitting or of being transmittedtrendy adj. very fashionable; very influenced by the latest fashion 时髦的，随潮流的vandal n. a person who intentionally damages or destroys useful things belonging to others 破坏他人财物者varnish n. a smooth or shiny appearance 光泽，装饰velvet n. a type of fine closely-woven cloth 天鹅绒，丝绒vermin n. any small kind of animal that destroys crops 害虫，害兽，害人虫vervet n. 黑长尾猴vibration n. slight continuous shaky movementvulture n. a type of ugly tropical bird which feeds on dead animals 兀鹰waggle v. to move frequently from side to sidewarren n. an area in which small animals are kept or live 猎苑woodcock n. a type of brown woodland bird 丘鹬woodpecker n. a type of bird with a long beak, which can make holes in the wood of trees and pull out insects 啄木鸟。

跨文化交际实用教程unit1重点词汇及问题

跨文化交际实用教程unit1重点词汇及问题Unit 1第一单元需要掌握的术语：Global village:All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.Melting pot:a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix of cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Encul turation: all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation. Acculturation: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.SourceThe source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.EncodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.MessageThe term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.ChannelThe term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.NoiseThe term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.ReceiverThe receiver is the person who attends to the message.DecodingDecoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver responseReceiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.（信息接受者在收到并解码/理解信息之后所作出的反应）FeedbackFeedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.（信息接受者所作出的反应中能让信息发送者收到并理解的那一部分）ContextGenerally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.五、简答和案例分析1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?The four trends that lead to the development of global village are:1) Convenient transportation systems;2) Innovative communication systems;3) Economic globalization;4) Widespread migration(p.8-9)2. What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:1) the material and spiritual products people produce2) what they do 3) what they think3. What are the three ingredients of culture?The three ingredients of culture are:1) artifacts 2) behavior3) concepts (beliefs, values, world views…)4. How to understand cultural iceberg?Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (pg. 7)5. What are the characteristic of culture?1) Culture is shared,2) Culture is learned,3) Culture is dynamic,4) Culture is ethnocentric.6. What are the characteristic of communication?1) Communication is dynamic2) Communication is irreversible3) Communication is symbolic4) Communication is systematic5) Communication is transactional. (pg. 8)6) Communication is contextual. (pg. 8)7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?1) In China, the use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors, while more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.2) Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect. (pg. 23), but The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used.3) In Chinese, people use a person’s title, office, or profession in addressing people. In English, only a few occupations or titles are used .8. How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?1) Some oriental writing…is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection. In this kind of writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. Things are developed in terms of what they are not, rather than in terms of what they are.”2) An English paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations,proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in it proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.”9. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?回答时注意：Monochronic 和Polychronic 两项都要列举几条，八条不用都回答上，但是第一条一定要回答上。

跨文化交际-第一章-第二节-跨文化交际

4.交际双方进行的是直接的言语交际
对外汉语专业的任务是教会外国人说汉语，包括中国文化的对外传播。所以着眼点在交际双方的直接交际，而不是通过“翻译” 这个中介来完成交际任务。因此，我们基本上不涉及翻译问题，而侧重语用规范，通过了解对方文化的价值取向和行为规范，协调双方交际中涉及的文化因素，从而保证交际的有效性。
2005年版贾玉新：《跨文化与不同文化之间的交际》，上海外语教育出版社，
2007.8（英文版）
二文化差异与交际失误
1. 词语意义的文化差异与交际失误 “文化词汇” 例如：“痛打落水狗”/“Love me, love my dog.” “white elephant”/ “白象牌”电池 “dragon”/ “龙” “龙”－－－高贵吉祥的象征。
“姓＋职务”的称呼方法,有些翻译成英文不宜直译，如主任、局长、科长、老师等。
对于教师的称呼很多，汉语中常用“姓+老师”，英语中主要有三种： Sir./Ms.； Mr./Ms.＋姓；直呼其名。
注意：不要用“姓＋teacher”，也不要直呼别人的姓。
③ “实用心理”＆“信仰至上”
“谐音”文化：谐音祈福、求富贵发财 “168超市”：“一路发” 宗教文化忌讳13，请客不请13个人，送花不送13束，住楼不住13层
人群）中产阶级支持民主党主张环境保护的人群反对种族歧视的人群喜欢运动的人群
再如：
Margaret是黑人，居住在华盛顿市区，中学毕业以后做过各种工作，收入较低，信奉天主教，目前在一家餐馆打工。她对于政治没有兴趣，从来都没有参加过选举。她主张环境保护，反对种族歧视，反对人工流产，认为这是伤害小生命。她不喜欢运动，喜欢流行音乐。因此，她属于以下一些群体：

新编跨文化交际英语教程复习总结

Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。

Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。

As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。

1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。

跨文化交际

1、跨文化交际：具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际，跨文化交际是自古以来就存在的现象，今天日益引起人们的注意主要原因是交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。

全球经济持续快速发展也为跨文化交际提供了坚定的物质力量。

2、你认为强调个人间的文化差异有什么利弊？利：每个人都隶属于若干群体，即使在同一群体中每个人的态度、价值观也不会完全一样，因此，每个人都应该被认为是独特的，强调个人的差异，就是在从地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面来研究不同文化对个体的影响，这有助于跨文化交际深入开展。

弊：然而，过于强调个人间的文化差异也有一定弊端，个体只是一种或多种文化的具体情况，根据传统的观念，文化通常不是指个人行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯，个人间的差异研究只有在我们把他们当作群体代表时才有意义，没听过“个人文化”的说法。

过分强调个人文化间的差异会使跨文化交际变得非常繁琐，实际上取消了跨文化研究的意义。

3、我国的地区文化是否可以作为跨文化交际研究的重要方面？跨文化交际研究的重要性排序如下：主流文化——亚文化——地区文化——小群体文化。

地区文化的差异是跨文化交际研究的重要课题之一。

我国幅员辽阔、地域广袤，地势高低起伏，地形复杂多变，由于空间分布差异，各地区形成了具有各自地方特色的区域文化。

同时，我国是一个多民族国家，每个民族都有自己的民族文化传统，这些也构成了地区文化的一部分。

这些地区文化，从总体上看，特点显著，区别性强，差异性大，值得进行跨文化研究。

4、跨文化交际为什么产生在美国？①美国是一个移民国家，各民族都有各自的文化传统和风俗习惯，各民族都强调维护自己的文化，于是在美国形成了多元文化的格局，如何处理不同文化习俗和价值观念成为不容忽视的问题。

②美国与各国交往频繁，每年大批政府官员、商人、技术人员奔赴世界各地，与当地人有着各种不同的接触，而美国每年又接待大批的留学生、移民和旅游者，对于留学生和移民的训练也是跨文化交际中的一个重要课题。

跨文化交际词汇

diversity 多样性（P1）alien exotic 外国的（P1）encounter 遭遇（P1）hostile 有敌意的（P1)malevolently 恶意的（P1）impetus 推动力（P5）beset 困扰，围绕（P8）mainstream 主流的（P10）harassment 骚扰（P11）pledge 誓言，保证（P13）reciprocity 交互作用、交易、依靠(P13)bigotry 持偏见之行为和态度(P13)federal 联盟的、联邦的、联合的P14recreational 休养的/ 娱乐的/ 消遣的(P14)friction 摩擦、冲突、不和(P15)abstract 理想的/摘要/分离、引开P16crucial 极重要的/严重的(P17)affiliation 同盟、合并、友好关系P17discrete 分离的、离散的、无关联的(P18)impede 阻碍、妨碍(P19)Dimension [di'menʃən, dai-] (p23, line9)n. 维；尺寸；次元；容积Territory ['teritəri] (p23 , paragraph2, line5)n. 领土，领域；范围；地域；版图Multidimensional [,mʌltidi'menʃənl] (p24, paragraph1,line4) adj. 多维的；多面的Attribution [,ætri'bju:ʃən] (p26, paragraph4, line1) n. 归因；属性；归属Analogy [ə‘nælədʒi] （p28，line5）n. 类比；类推；类似Truism [‘tru:izəm] （p28, paragraph2, line1)n. 自明之理；老生常谈；老套；众所周知；真实性Ego [‘i:ɡəu, ’eɡəu] （p32.paragraph3,line2）n. 自我；自负；自我意识Pep-talk ['peptɔ:k]( P37 ,paagraph2,;line10)vt.鼓励，激励，给…打气用激励的话去影响Perpetuate [pə'petʃueit, -tju-] (p37,paragraph5,line7) v.使不朽；保持Meteorological [,mi:tiərə'lɔdʒikəl] P38 adj.气象的；气象学的Enculturation [in,kʌltʃə'reiʃən] P38 n.对某种文化的适应Synonymous [si'nɔniməs] P38 adj. 同义的；同义词的；同义突变的Admonish [əd'mɔniʃ] P39 vt. 告诫；劝告Cosmic ['kɔzmik] P41 adj. 宇宙的Lineage ['liniidʒ] P42 n. 血统；家系，世系Eloquently ['eləkwəntli] P43 adv. 善辩地；富于表现力地Acculturation [ə,kʌltʃə'reiʃən] P45 n. 文化适应；文化移入；文化互渗Propensity [prəu'pensiti] P46 n. 倾向，习性；癖好，偏爱Puissant ['pjuisənt, 'pwis-] P46 adj. 强大的，强盛的；有势力的，有权力的Fusion [‘fju:ʒən] （p48 line15) n. 融合；熔化；熔接；融合物Resonate [‘rezəneit] （p52 line6) vt. 共鸣；共振vi. 共鸣；共振。

跨文化交际重点

跨文化交际核心典型负语言高语境（汉语）和低语境（英语等其他语言）对语言环境依赖性强跨文化交际重要性跨文化意义什么是跨文化交际：具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。

LSHarms认为世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生，文字的使用，印刷术的发明，近百年来交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展，跨文化交际。

他认为，本阶段的交际以跨文化交际为主要特征，是第五个阶段，其重要性堪比语言的产生。

什么是主流文化：什么是亚文化：跨文化交际研究中应该把眼光首先集中于国别研究，集中于一个国家中的主流文化研究。

跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起，其原因有：一、美国是一个移民国家；二、各民族争取权力的斗争，是美国形成了多元文化的格局；三、美国与各国频繁交往，国际交流密集，对大批留学生和移民的训练也是跨文化交际中的一个重要课题。

跨文化交际发展：《无声的语言》Edward Hall，1959，被看作是跨文化交际学的奠基之作。

1970，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，具有重要的学术领域意义。

随后大学中纷纷开设此系。

1972，第一届跨文化交际学会国际会议在日本东京举行。

1974，跨文化教育训练和研究学会在美国马里兰州召开首届会议，宣布成立，这是跨文化交际学方面最具影响力的一个组织。

70年代中期，美国已近更有两百多所大学开设跨文化交际课程，并设有硕士和博士学位。

跨文化交际的内容：语言交际，非语言交际，社会行为准则，社会关系，思想观念（人生观价值观），心理因素。

文化的特性：文化是人类独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志，文化是社会遗产而不是生理遗传。

文化不是先天所有，而是后天习得。

一个人具有什么文化不取决于他的种族，而取决于他生活的文化环境文化中的大部分是不自觉的，存在于人的潜意识中文化是人们行动的指南，支配着人的行动文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系，具有相对的稳定性，但是随历史时期不断变化。

传播的种类：人类传播和非人类传播；人类传播中又有社会传播和非社会传播，非社会传播指向内传播（自我传播），社会传播包括人际传播、组织传播与大众传播。

跨文化交际复习

Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。

文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。

Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。

Culture(from sociological perspective):从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。

Culture(from intercultural communication perspective):从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。

Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。

Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。

Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。

Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。

Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。

祖晓梅-跨文化交际-全书要点总结

跨文化交际一．绪论典例：丝绸之路；佛教东传；郑和下西洋；西学东渐；五四学西影响因素：交通通讯技术；经济全球化；人口流动；国际交流与合作最简洁的定义：不同背景的人们之间的交际。

——胡文仲最全面的定义：来自不同背景的人们之间符号性交流的过程。

有效的跨文化交际的目标是在交互的情景中给不同的个体创造共享的意义。

——TingToomey,1999特点：面对面；差异性；易起冲突；大多为善意冲突；引起情感上的强烈反应；是一种挑战更是一种收获；挑战与收获跨文化交际学：Intercultural Communication兴起：美国诞生：霍尔1959年出版的《无声的语言》The Silent Language霍尔是人类学家，他对跨文化交际学的五大贡献：侧重微观；对非语言交际的界定；强调非语言交际中的无意识层面；对差异采取接受和非价值判断的态度；采用学员体验式的跨文化训练跨文化交际学的确立：时间：20世纪70年代；主要表现：课程开发；专著出现；协会成立；专业期刊创刊1966 美国匹兹堡大学最先开课；70年代约200所学校开课《跨文化交际读本》Intercultural Communication:A Reader——Samovar ;Porter《跨文化交际引论》Introduction to Intercultural Communication——Condon ;Yousef均于20世纪70年代出版第一个独立的专业协会：1974年“跨文化教育、培训与研究协会SIETAR”第一届跨文化交际学国际研讨会：1972年；东京两个最有影响力的学术期刊：International and Intercultural Communication Annals ,1974 International Journal of Intercultural Relations,1977跨文化交际学的成熟（20世纪80年代后）成熟标志:各种理论模式的诞生和研究方法的探索Gudykunst(2003)总结了跨文化交际的15种理论，如：不确定性的减少理论；文化身份的协商理论；面子协商理论；归因理论；跨文化交际网络理论、适应理论、文化尺度理论---提供理论框架Bennett(1998)指出跨文化交际学领域存在两种学派：理论-理论学派主要阵地：传播学理论-实践学派侧重应用和跨文化训练如：跨文化交际与外语教育、商务管理跨文虎交际学的理论基础：Hart(1999)经调查，对其影响最大的学科：人类学、心理学、语言学、社会学、传播学人类学最早影响三大贡献：1、文化定义2、文化与语言的关系（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）3、文化相对主义的态度（平等无贵贱）心理学——跨文化心理学主研：主观文化、文化适应研究（模式、策略、休克）语言学——社会语言学和语用学Leech的礼貌原则；Brown和Levinson的面子与礼貌策略社会学——社会心理学传播学——主要阵地和学科归属贡献:建构跨文化交际理论Gudykunst:陌生人理论；焦虑-不确定性的减少理论；TingToomey:文化身份的协商理论；面子协商理论跨文化交际研究方法人类学背景：观察、访谈心理学、社会学背景：量化大规模数据调查语言学背景：话语分析（文化含义和使用规则）综合：以实证研究为主、尤其是量化的方法客位（旁观者视角）（一般文化）（系统外部）（创建文化模式）主位（从圈内人的角度）（特殊文化）（系统内部）（发现文化模式）如：本尼迪克特《菊与刀》斯图尔特与贝尔特《美国文化模式》中国跨文化交际研究20世纪80年代引入胡文仲等学者最先介绍北外、哈师大、福建师大最先开课1995哈工大召开中国第一届跨文化交际研讨会，并成立中国跨文化交际学会集中研究：中西习俗对比、中西经营管理模式、国民性、价值观、非语言交际影响著作：关世杰《跨文化交际学》林大津《跨文化交际研究：与英美人交往指南》；贾玉新《跨文化交际学》胡文仲《跨文化交际概论》总之：起步晚；范围窄，主要集中在外语教育和对外汉语教学领域，研究成果主要是跨文化语用学，实证性研究少汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性：1、更好地理解祖国文化2、建立敏锐的跨文化意识3、提高文化适应能力4、建立开放宽容尊重的文化态度5、建立在异域环境教汉语的针对性和有效性6、培养学生的交际能力的策略跨文化交际能力的定义：Fantini(2006):与异文化的人们进行有效而得体的交往所需的综合能力。

大学英语跨文化交际U5课文翻译、词汇、习语整理

Unit 5Nonverbal communication课前谚语+名言：1、I’s not what he said, but the way he said it.——English saying2、There is a language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lips.——William Shakespeare案例一：个人空间马克最近从丹麦搬到了悉尼，在一家澳大利亚公司当销售员。

他被邀请加入当地的一个俱乐部。

有一天在一个晚会上，一个女成员走近他，马克立即通过谈论展现出了他的兴趣。

起初聊天进行的很顺利，但随着谈话的进行，马克逐渐的向她靠近，而那位女士似乎离他越来越远，并显得很不自在。

当马克正要问她有关于澳大利亚习俗的问题时，站在旁边的一个男士往这边瞟了一眼，她找了个借口离开，去和那个男人说话。

留下马克傻傻的站在那里，他不知道为什么他们的交谈如此突然地停止了。

Question：Why did that women suddenly stop talking with mark and turned to another man?注释：这是一个对身体距离理解不同造成的误会。

在丹麦，正式场合中，个人空间大概在20厘米-30厘米之间。

而在澳大利亚，这样的场合需要40厘米-50厘米的身体距离。

所以丹麦人习惯近距离交谈，澳大利亚人习惯远距离交谈。

在这个情况下，马克尝试去建立自己正常的个人亲密空间，侵犯了澳大利亚女士的空间，正因如此，她感到了某种威胁，失去了舒适感。

就在那时，身旁的男人给了她一个离开的机会。

如果马克对于澳大利亚人所期待的个人空间有所了解的话，或许这个谈话会有所不同。

案例二：使用当地语言的问题。

弗兰克为了做研究的目的从澳大利亚来到中国，为此，他在大学里刻苦学习中文，并且能用中文很方便的和人交流。

而当他到达北京以后，他开始和当地人交谈，询问方向和建议。

尽管他几乎都是用中文和他们交流，但是他发现周围的人有时候会笑着用英语回答他，尽管他们对英语知之甚少。

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案

跨文化交际期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是有效的沟通技巧？A. 保持开放态度B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B2. 在不同文化背景下，以下哪种行为可能被误解？A. 直视对方眼睛B. 点头表示同意C. 用食指指人D. 握手答案：C3. 在跨文化交流中，以下哪种方式可以增进相互理解？A. 坚持自己的文化观点B. 避免讨论敏感话题C. 主动分享自己的文化背景D. 只关注自己的文化答案：C4. 以下哪个概念与跨文化交际密切相关？A. 文化适应B. 个人主义C. 集体主义D. 所有选项答案：D5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个因素可能导致误解？A. 语言障碍B. 非语言信号C. 文化价值观差异D. 所有选项答案：D...二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述跨文化交际中“文化休克”的现象及其应对策略。

答案：文化休克是指个体在进入一个与自己文化背景不同的新环境时，由于文化差异而产生的困惑、焦虑和不适应感。

应对策略包括：提前了解目标文化，保持开放和灵活的心态，寻找支持系统，以及采取积极的适应措施。

2. 描述跨文化交际中的“高语境文化”与“低语境文化”的特点。

答案：高语境文化（High-context culture）指的是在交流中，信息的传递依赖于非语言因素，如肢体语言、面部表情和情境背景。

低语境文化（Low-context culture）则强调语言的直接性和明确性，信息主要通过语言来传递。

三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 假设你是一名国际商务谈判代表，你被派往一个与你文化背景截然不同的国家进行商务谈判。

请描述你将如何准备这次谈判，并在谈判中如何运用跨文化交际技巧。

答案：在准备谈判时，我会首先研究目标国家的文化、商业习惯和谈判风格。

我会学习基本的语言词汇，了解当地的礼仪和非语言交流习惯。

在谈判中，我会保持尊重和耐心，避免使用可能引起误解的肢体语言，积极倾听对方的观点，并在适当的时候表达自己的立场。

跨文化交际概论复习资料

一．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，一方发出信息，另一方接受信息，这一过程就是传播。

2、亚文化：又称集体文化或副文化，指与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象，指在主文化或综合文化的背景下，属于某一区域或某个集体所特有的观念和生活方式，一种亚文化不仅包含着与主文化相通的价值与观念，也有属于自己的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚文化等都是这种亚文化。

亚文化是一个相对的概念。

是总体文化的次属文化。

3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》一文中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。

4、传播的构成要素：一是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。

二是隐含要素：时空环境、心理因素、文化背景和信息质量。

5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单一，静止。

6、语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式，就像一面镜子，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和行为举止。

词汇作为语言的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族文化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的文化差异，必然在此上体现出来。

7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。

即，一个词语的字面意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。

8、以英汉语言对比为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平行、词义空缺、词义冲突。

9、语用规则就是特定文化群体关于语言交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的方式、说话的多少以及言语行为与非言语行为的配合等诸多方面。

10、交际风格是言语行为和非言语行为由于受使用中不同交际环境的影响或制约而形成的一系列交际特点的综合表现。

恰当的交际风格的运用对交际过程起着积极的促进作用，对交际能力的培养也起到重要作用。

跨文化交际第四版词汇

跨文化交际第四版词汇
摘要：
1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性
2.第四版词汇的主要内容
3.如何有效地使用这些词汇
4.使用这些词汇的意义和影响
正文：
随着全球化的发展和各国之间交流的加强，跨文化交际变得越来越重要。

在这样的背景下，对跨文化交际的研究也日益深入。

跨文化交际第四版词汇就是为了帮助人们更好地理解和应用跨文化交际而编写的。

第四版词汇主要包括以下几个方面：一是跨文化交际的基本概念，如文化、交际、跨文化交际等；二是跨文化交际的主要理论，如文化冲突、文化适应、文化融合等；三是跨文化交际的主要方法，如语言交际、非语言交际、跨文化沟通等；四是跨文化交际的主要问题，如文化冲击、文化敏感、文化误解等。

有效地使用这些词汇，可以帮助我们更好地理解和解决跨文化交际中遇到的问题。

例如，当我们在和外国人交流时，如果能够理解并运用文化冲突理论，就能够更好地理解对方的行为和观点，避免因为文化差异而产生的误解和冲突。

同样，如果我们能够掌握跨文化交际的主要方法，就能够更加有效地与外国人进行沟通，促进文化交流。

使用这些词汇的意义和影响也是深远的。

一方面，它可以提高我们的跨文
化交际能力，使我们在与外国人交流时更加自信和有效；另一方面，它也可以促进文化的交流和融合，使我们的社会更加开放和包容。

总的来说，跨文化交际第四版词汇是一本非常重要的参考书籍，它为我们提供了理解和应用跨文化交际的重要工具和理论。

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denotation 指示意义本意原意connotation 含义cognitive barriers认知障碍stereotyping 刻板印象paralanguage 副语⾔言self-denigration 贬⼰己直觉 intuition约定俗成 conventionalized 维度dimension个体/⼈人主义 individualism Theology 神学儒家 Confucianism道家 Taoismlegalist school 法家Hanfeitze韩⾮非⼦子佛教 Buddhism伊斯兰教 Islam神道教 Shintoism印度教 Hinduism基督宗教 Christianity天主教 Catholicism东正教 Orthodox新教 Protestant耶稣基督 Jesus Christ圣⺟母玛利利亚 Madonna original sin 原罪Puritanism 清教self-denigration 贬⼰己linguistic relativism/determinism 语⾔言相对论/决定论dualistic view ⼆二元观点holistic view ⼀一元观点ethnocentrism ⺠民族中⼼心主义思维⽅方式 thought pattern等级 hierarchy主流⽂文化 dominant culture亚⽂文化 subcultureSWH (Sapir Whorf hypothesis)hypothesis 假说Un specialization ⾮非专⻔门化Physical context 物质性语境Explicit/implicit language 显性/隐形语⾔言homogeneous 同质的continuum 连续体连续统contextual clue 语境线索association clue 联系线索Cultural identities ⽂文化身份collectivism 集体主义Holistic view 整体观dualistic view ⼆二元观liberalism ⾃自由主义Confucianism 儒家Self-reliance ⾃自⼒力力更更⽣生Privacy 隐私亲近Future/doing orientation 以未来/ 做事为取向Interdependency 相互依赖Filial piety 孝顺Face ⾯面⼦子Humility 谦卑卑civilization ⽂文明perspective 视⻆角Axial Age 轴⼼心期孔⼦子 Confucius⽼老老⼦子 Lao-tzu佛陀 Buddha荷⻢马 homer赫拉克利利特 Heraclitus苏格拉底 Socrates⽂文艺复兴 renaissance宗教改⾰革 reformation启蒙运动 enlightenmentperception 观念belief 信念value 价值观world view 世界观Centralization 中央集权Decentralization 地⽅方分权‘element’ and ‘form’ 元素与形式‘reality’ and ‘reason’ 现实与理理性‘matter’ and ‘form’ 物质与形式'matter’ and ‘mind’ 物质与思想‘real object’ and ‘absolute spirit’ 真实客体与纯粹精神Thales 泰利利斯Heraclitus 赫拉克利利特Plato 柏拉图Aristotle 亚⾥里里⼠士多德Descartes 笛卡尔Dualism/dualistic view ⼆二元论reason versus intuition 理理性对直觉objectivity versus subjectivity 客观对主观monism ⻛风⽔水 (geomanticomen)(⼠士，intellectual)“rituals” (礼)“Cultivating the self, harmonizing the family, putting the country in order, and bringing peace to the universe” 修身⻬齐家治国平天下perception 认知interpretation 解释orientation 取向Shame culture and guilt culture 耻感⽂文化罪感⽂文化，in-groups 圈内的out-groups 圈外的autonomy ⾃自治⾃自主Collateral relationship 附属关系lineal relationship 线性关系Syntax 句句法Paradox 悖论Synthesis vs. analysis 综合和分析Discourse 话语语篇social context 社会语境deductive演绎inductive 归纳Intuitional vs rational 直觉的 vs 理理性的gestures ⼿手势postures 身姿facial expressions ⾯面部表情eye contact 眼神交流monochronic or polychronic time 单时多时sign language ⼿手势语⾔言action language 动作语⾔言object language 客体语⾔言Body motion and kinetic behavior 身势动作和体语⾏行行为physical characteristics 身体特征touching behavior 体触⾏行行为paralanguage 副语⾔言或辅助语proxemics 近体距离或空间关系学artifacts ⼈人造⽤用品orientation (by blood) family ⾎血亲家庭procreation (by marriage) family 姻亲家庭Nuclear family 核⼼心家庭extended family ⼤大家庭DINK family 丁克家庭live-in family 同居家庭single-parent family 单亲家庭blended family 混合家庭cohabitation 同居The Feminine Mystique ⼥女女性神秘feminism ⼥女女权主义Informality ⾮非正式Naturalization 归化移⼊入linguistic ﬂuency and cultural ﬂuency 语⾔言流利利和⽂文化流利利Empathy，移情culture shock ⽂文化震撼⽂文化冲击anthropologist ⼈人类学家self-reﬂective ⾃自我反思self-actualization ⾃自我实现self-esteem ⾃自尊deﬁciency, 缺陷institutional culture 制度性⽂文化high/low-context communication ⾼高低语境交际reciprocal 互惠的discipline 纪律律dimension 维度demarcation 界限tertiary 第三阶段的contradictory values ⽭矛盾的价值观privilege 特权obligation 义务ambiguity 模糊含混uncertainty 不不确定性nurture 培育courtesy 殷勤勤cultural competence ⽂文化能⼒力力category 种类类型equivalent 对等物discourse 话语语篇universal signal, 通⽤用标识egalitarianism 平等主义counterpart 对等对等物compartmentalise 分割划分cultural traits ⽂文化特点assumptions 假想Self-denigration and other-elevation 贬⼰己尊parataxis and hypotaxis 形合和意合conventionalisation 约定俗成Power distance 权⼒力力距离Universalism 普遍主义particularism 特殊主义Activity orientation ⾏行行动取向Speciﬁc / Diffuse dimensionHuman nature ⼈人性guilt/shame cultures 罪感/耻感⽂文化Human and nature ⼈人类与⾃自然Time orientation 时间取向Masculinity/femininity 男性主义/⼥女女性主义Long/short term orientation ⻓长期/短期取向Poly-chronic time system and mono-chronic time system 单时制和多时制linguistic determinism 语⾔言绝对论paralanguage 副语⾔言denotation 本意self-denigration 贬⼰己monotheism ⼀一神论Axial Age 轴⼼心时代stereotypes 刻板印象uncertainty avoidance 不不确定性规避euphemism 委婉语linguistic relativity/relativism 语⾔言相关性/相对性偏⻅见 prejudiceholism 整体论dualism ⼆二元论industry 勤勤劳tolerance of others 容忍harmony with others 随和observance of rites and social rituals 礼仪loyalty to superiors 忠于上司reciprocation of greetings, favors and gifts 礼尚往来kindness 仁爱moderation, following the middle way 中庸之道solidarity with others 团结sense of righteousness 正义感self-cultivation 修养ordering relationships by status and observing this order 尊卑卑有序benevolent authority 恩威并重personal steadiness and stability 稳重non-competitiveness 不不重竞争resistance to corruption 廉洁patriotism 爱国sincerity 诚恳keeping oneself disinterested and pure 清⾼高thrift 俭patience 耐⼒力力persistence 耐⼒力力毅⼒力力sense of cultural superiority ⽂文化优越感repayment of both the good or the evil that another person has caused you 报恩与报仇adaptability 适应环境prudence ⼩小⼼心谨慎trust-worthiness 信⽤用having a sense of shame 知耻courtesy 有礼貌contentedness with one's position in life 安分守⼰己being conservative 保守protecting your face 要⾯面⼦子close, intimate friendship 知⼰己之交chastity in women 贞洁having few desires 寡欲respect for tradition 尊敬传统wealth 财富。