词汇学

Modern English(1500 up to the present)
1. Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity
可接受性，适应性和多质性 2. Simplicity of inflection: 屈折的简化 3. Relatively fixed word-order 相对固定的词序
Free vs. bound morphemes Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes Content/lexical vs. grammatical morpheme
1) Free vs. bound morphemes 自由词素vs.粘附词素
Morphemes which are independent of other
粘附词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上
以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。
Free vs. bound morphemes
sun, book, fine, eat, well
internationalization inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation
invent → invention describe → description justify → justification modernize →
modernization expand → expansion decide → decision omit → omission
3.3 Classifications of morphemes
Root, Affix: prefix & suffix
sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation = root inter- -al -ize -ation = affix prefix: inter suffix: -al -ize -ation antecedent: ante-, -ced-, -ent ante- = before (prefix)
morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.
自由词素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的
意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。
When the plural marker {-s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z, -iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme {-s}, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme {-s}.
-ced- = go to, approach (root)
-ent = person, thing (suffix)
prediction: pre-, -dict-, -ion
pre- = before (prefix) -dict- = speak (root)
-ion = noun marker: action, process (suffix)
What is an allomorph?
An allomorph is one of the variants of the
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
same morpheme. （词素变体是同一个词素的不同形式。）
An allomorph refers to a member of a set of
morphs, which represent one morpheme. （词素变体是一套形素中的一个成员，表征 一个词素。）
/t/ /d/ /id/ → allomorphs ↓ ↓ ↓ morph morph morph

E.g. E.g.
book → books bag → bags match → matches
E.g.
/-s/ /-z/ /-iz/
Negative prefix: in/il/im/ir perfect → imperfect responsible → irresponsible logical → illogical flexible → inflexible

free
prefix
root

Affix
bound suffix
2) Derivational vs. inflectional morpheme 派生词素与屈折词素
• Derivational morphemes are used to derive
new words when they are added to another morpheme.
Middle English (1150-1500)
1. The Middle English was a period of leveled endings 2. Comparatively large vocabulary; 3. A tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin;
• 派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。
• Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic
relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.
Free: sun, book, fine, eat, well, nation
Bound: inter- -al -ize -ation
Free morphemes are all roots /free roots,


which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words. 自由词素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作 词或作为构成新词的构词要素。 Bound morphemes consist of bound roots and affixes. 粘附词素包括粘附词根和词缀。 E.g., bound root: -dict-, -cedaffix: dis-, non-, -ion, -ist, -ic
What is a morpheme？
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. (词素是最小的有意义的单位。它 是语言中最小的构词单位。) Compare: A word is the smallest free form of a language...
Morphemes which cannot occur as separate
words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
Review
1. In which language family English belongs to ? English belongs to Germanic language in the Western set of Indo-European Language family. 2. What are the characteristics of English in Three Phases of its Historical Development ? Old English (450-1150) Small vocabulary; It was a highly inflected language, Small number of borrowings .
3. What are the modes of vocabulary development ?
Creation : The formation of new words by using the existing materials: roots and affixes e.g. super-rich; fruice; workaholic Semantic change : An old form takes on a new meaning e.g. break (dance) mouse web monitor Borrowing: Borrowed words constitute six to seven percent of all new words (playing a slim role now.)
Chapter 3
Morphological structure of English words
Outlines
3.1 Morphemes (Definition)
3.2 Morphs and Allomorphs 3.3 Classification of Morphemes
(free v.s. bound, derivational v.s. inflectional, content v.s. grammatical.)
E.g.
plural morpheme {-s}
cats /s/, dogs /z/, horses /iz/
/s/ /z/ /iz/ → allomorphs ↓ ↓ ↓ morph morph morph

E.g.
past tense morpheme {-ed}
helped /t/ lived /d/ wanted /id/
Most morphemes are realized by single
morphs. bird /bə:d/, tree /tri:/, green /gri:n/
BUT plural morpheme {-s} cats /s/, dogs /z/, horses /iz/ It is realized by more than one morph.
3.4 identifying Morphemes 3.5 Morphemes and Word-formation
(Definitions of affix, root, stem and base)
3.1 Morpheme词素
What is a morpheme？
Simple words: sun, book, fine, eat, well Each is a morpheme. Complex words: internationalization (inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation) 5 Each is a morpheme.
3.2 Morphs & Allomorphs 形素和词素变体
What is a morph?
The phonetic or orthographic strings or
segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. (体现词素的语音串和拼写 字节叫“形素”。) Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. （形素是实际被说出最小的意义 载体。）