动词ing的用法

动词-ing 的用法
一般式/完成式
⑴时态和语态
主动式与被动式
动词-ing形式⑵句法功能
(3)与不定式的比较
I. 动词-ing形式的时态和语态
(以及物动词make和不及物动词go为例)
语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go
主动语态被动语态主动语态
一般式making being made going
完成式having made having been made having gone
一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作；完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。

注：每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not构成。

1.While walking in the street，we met some friends of ours
我在街上散步的时候遇到了我的一些老朋友。

2.The boy being scolded by the teacher is my friend.
那个正挨训的男孩是我的朋友。

3.Having done his homework，he turned off the light and went to bed.
完成作业之后，他关上灯睡觉去了。

4.Having been told many times, he finally understood it.
被告诉了许多次，他终于明白了。

5.Not having fully recovered from the operation, the patient was advised to stay in hospital for another two weeks.
手术后还没有完全康复，这位病人被建议再住院两周。

II. 动词-ing形式的句法功能
1.动词-ing形式作主语（表示抽象动作）
Lying is wrong. 撒谎是错误的。

动词-ing形式作主语有时可转换成it作形式主语
It is no good learning without practice.学而不用无益。

It is no use/good/sense/harm doing sth. 做某事没用处/没好处/没意义/没害处
2.动词-ing形式作宾语
1）只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的词或短语有：
advise (建议), admit (承认), appreciate (感激), avoid (避免), can’t help (禁不住), consider (考虑), delay (推迟), enjoy (欣赏), escape (逃脱), finish (完成), imagine (想象), keep (on) (继续), mind (介意), practice (练习), suggest (建议), miss (错过), feel like (意欲), devote...to (把……献给), get used to (习惯于), look forward to (期望), object to (反对), set about (开始), put off (推迟)等。

(1)David suggested selling your house and car to pay the debt.
David建议卖掉你的房子和车来抵债。

(2)I couldn't risk missing that train.
我可不敢冒险错过那列火车。

2）常见的固定搭配
have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in) doing sth.
spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth.
例如：He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.
他今年暑假在国外旅行玩得很高兴。

3）动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟动词-ing形式作宾语，也可跟to do作宾语补足语。

(1)We don't allow smoking here.我们不允许在这里吸烟。

(2)We don't allow anyone to smoke here.我们不允许有人在这里吸烟。

4）在句型sth. need/require/want/deserve doing中，动词-ing 主动形式表达被动含义，相当于to be done。

be worth也有此种用法。

(1)The flowers need/want/require watering/to be watered.这些花需要浇水。

(2)His novels are worth reading 他的小说值得一读。

3. 动词-ing形式作表语
1）动词-ing形式作表语，表示抽象的一般性行为；而不定式作表语表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

(1) His bobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好就收集邮票。

(一贯的行为)
(2) His work today is to clean the house.他今天的工作是要打扫房间。

(某次具体的动作)
2）表示心里状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing作表语时，表示客观“令人……的”；而上述词所对应的-ed形式，如interested, excited等则表示主观“人感到……的”
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅游有趣但也令人疲惫。

4.动词-ing形式作定语
1）表示正在进行的动作，经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态；被修饰词是动词-ing形式的逻辑主语。

(1)Barking dogs seldom bite.吠犬不咬人
(2)The building being constructed will be used as a library. 正在建造的建筑将会当作图书馆。

注：单独的动词-ing形式作定语置于被修饰词之前，如果是短语，则置于被修饰词之后。

（同过去分词作定语一致）
5.动词-ing形式作状语
动词­ing形式作状语表示在进行谓语动作的同时所进行的另一动作。

动词­ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。

（1）More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了很多公路，这使得人们出行变得更加容易了。

动词­ing作状语表自然而然的结果
(2)The lady walked around the shops, keeping an eye out for bargains.
那位女士逛商店，留意着廉价商品。

动词­ing作状语表伴随
(3)The old man, having worked abroad for twenty years, came back to his motherland.
在国外工作了二十年后，这位老人回到了祖国。

动词­ing作状语表时间
常用作状语的固定动词-ing形式有：Generally/Frankly speaking一般/坦白说来，considering…考虑到……；judging from/by依据……来判断；supposing/suppose that假定……
Frankly speaking, I think you are wrong. 坦白地讲，我认为你是错的
作状语时用动词-ing形式还是过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。

如果是逻辑上的主谓关系用动词-ing形式；如果是逻辑上的动宾关系则用过去分词。

Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
Seeing from the top of the hill, you will find the park more beautiful.
6.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
动词­ing形式作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。

动词­ing形式作宾语补足语强调正在进行中的主动动作。

可以带有这种复合宾语的动词往往是感官动词、使役动词等。

如：make, let, have, keep, leave, look at, see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find。

(1)Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help？听！你听到有人正在呼救吗？
(2)Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground.詹妮发现地上有一个钱包。

句法功能动词-ing形
式
不定式例句
作主/表/宾语表抽象或
泛指
表具体某一
次
Our job is making steel.(抽象动作)She
likes playing the piano, but she doesn’t
want to play today.（具体行为）
作定语动作与谓
语同时发
生动作发生在
谓语之后
The girl writng a letter there can speak
English well.（同时发生）I have three
letters to write.（将来动作）
作宾补动作正在
进行动作已经发
生
I hear her singing in the room.（正在进行）
I hear her sing in the room.（强调完成）
作状语表时间、原
因、方式、
伴随或自
然而然的
结果状语作目的或出
乎意料的结
果状语
Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him
again.（原因状语）I looked into the
window to see what was going on inside.
（目的状语）
练习：
1. _____ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known
B. Having known
C. Knowing
D. Being known
2. The sun began to rise in the sky, ________ the mountain in golden light.
A. bathed
B. bathing
C. to have bathed
D. have bathed
3.Lionel Messi, _____the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A. set
B. setting
C. to set
D. having set
4. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _______to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A. reducing
B. reduced
C. being reduced
D. having reduced
5. Laura was away in Paris for over a week . When she got home, there was a pile of mail ______ for her.
A. waited
B. to wait
C. waiting
D. was waiting
动词-ing形式知识结构图
动词-ing形式时态语态主动一般式(doing);完成式(having doing)
被动一般式(being done);完成式having been done 句法功能主、宾、表、定、状、补语
与不定式的比较主要从抽象或具体，同时或不同时，出乎意料或自然而然方面区分。