语言学教程课件04Chapter 4_gram
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Subject Mary
+ Verb ate
+Object (Clausal type) an apple.
Determiner an
+ Noun ( phrasal type) apple
16
2.2 Immediate Constituents
Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction:
To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations. Relations.
11
1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence CoIt means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
For example,
5
The boy kicked the ball.
*Boy the ball kicked the. *The ball kicked the boy.
The teacher saw the students. The students saw the teacher.
6
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure.
22
1. ((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)). 2. (Shut) ((the) (door)). 3. ((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly). 4. ((The) ((happy) ((teacher) ((in) ((that) (class)))))) ((was) ((beaming) (away))). 5. (He) (((bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay) (cheque)))))).
Firstly, the Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
Positional relation (word order) Affixation (inflection)
4
Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers relation, ORDER, to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
Chapter Four From Word to Text
1
Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
The strong man tallest boy pretty girl smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
10
He went there
This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
the girl (NP) ate the apple (VP) the girl ate the apple (S)
17
• Immediate constituents & Immediate constituent analysis The girl ate the apple A
B The boy C ate the apple
If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.
SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order.
8
1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The ______ smiles. man boy girl
9
It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome. Such as phrase, clause, etc. The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction’s components, with construction’ the terms such as “ subject, predicate, object, determiner, noun”. noun”
2
1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds:
relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence co-
For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
12
Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to cosyntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
They are also called Horizontal Relations or Relations. simply Chain Relations.
7
Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world:
Phrasal NP=noun phrase AP=adjective phrase VP=verb phrase PP=preposition phrase S=sentence or clause
20
Bracketing
Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing the constituents of a grammatical unit.
((The) (girl)) ((ate) ((the) (apple))) [S[NP[Det The][N girl]][VP[V ate][NP[Det the][N apple]]]]
21
Exercise I:
Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentences. 1. The boy was crying. 2. Shut the door. 3. Open the door quickly. 4. The happy teacher in that class was beaming away. 5. He bought an old car with his first pay cheque.
Baidu Nhomakorabea
3
1.1 Relations of Position
For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object Two methods:
an apple ate an apple Mary ate an apple
14
The distinguishments between the external and internal properties of any construction on the level of syntax:
18
Phrase Structure
Tree diagram
NP Det N V S VP NP Det N
The girl ate the apple
19
Word-level N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
13
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents
2.1 Grammatical Construction
Grammatical construction or Construction can be sued to mean any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains. Any syntactic construct ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes. E.g.: lexemes.
Subject Mary
+ Verb ate
+Object (Clausal type) an apple.
Determiner an
+ Noun ( phrasal type) apple
16
2.2 Immediate Constituents
Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction:
To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations. Relations.
11
1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence CoIt means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.
For example,
5
The boy kicked the ball.
*Boy the ball kicked the. *The ball kicked the boy.
The teacher saw the students. The students saw the teacher.
6
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure.
22
1. ((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)). 2. (Shut) ((the) (door)). 3. ((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly). 4. ((The) ((happy) ((teacher) ((in) ((that) (class)))))) ((was) ((beaming) (away))). 5. (He) (((bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay) (cheque)))))).
Firstly, the Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
Positional relation (word order) Affixation (inflection)
4
Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers relation, ORDER, to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.
Chapter Four From Word to Text
1
Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
The strong man tallest boy pretty girl smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
10
He went there
This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
the girl (NP) ate the apple (VP) the girl ate the apple (S)
17
• Immediate constituents & Immediate constituent analysis The girl ate the apple A
B The boy C ate the apple
If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all.
SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order.
8
1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The ______ smiles. man boy girl
9
It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome. Such as phrase, clause, etc. The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction’s components, with construction’ the terms such as “ subject, predicate, object, determiner, noun”. noun”
2
1. Syntactic relations
Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds:
relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence co-
For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
12
Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to cosyntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.
They are also called Horizontal Relations or Relations. simply Chain Relations.
7
Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world:
Phrasal NP=noun phrase AP=adjective phrase VP=verb phrase PP=preposition phrase S=sentence or clause
20
Bracketing
Bracketing is not as common in use, but it is an economic notation in representing the constituents of a grammatical unit.
((The) (girl)) ((ate) ((the) (apple))) [S[NP[Det The][N girl]][VP[V ate][NP[Det the][N apple]]]]
21
Exercise I:
Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentences. 1. The boy was crying. 2. Shut the door. 3. Open the door quickly. 4. The happy teacher in that class was beaming away. 5. He bought an old car with his first pay cheque.
Baidu Nhomakorabea
3
1.1 Relations of Position
For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object Two methods:
an apple ate an apple Mary ate an apple
14
The distinguishments between the external and internal properties of any construction on the level of syntax:
18
Phrase Structure
Tree diagram
NP Det N V S VP NP Det N
The girl ate the apple
19
Word-level N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
13
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents
2.1 Grammatical Construction
Grammatical construction or Construction can be sued to mean any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains. Any syntactic construct ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes. E.g.: lexemes.