pragmatics 语用学

More Introductory Examples
• • • • • • • Ex. 1 I have a paper to typewrite. Can you type this paper for me? I’m busy now. Can you lend your typewriter to me ? Ex. 2 A bull market in Dianas (U.S. News and World Report, Jan. 12, 1998 124/1) • A bull market is a market in which share prices are rising.
John met Mary yesterday.
Amazingly, he already loves her.
Linguistic context
Context
The knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer
Situational context
刘勰《文心雕龙· 章句》 “人之而言，因字而生句，积句而成章，积章而 成篇。篇之彪炳，章之无疵也；章之明靡，句 无玷也；句之精英，字无妄也。”
上下文、话语理解、话语表达
Context
Amazingly, he already loves her. Something male and animate has arrived at a state of adoration of something female and animate.
Semantics: what does X mean? Pragmatics: what does the speaker mean by X?
Pragmatic Analysis
你怎么还没走？ Think what the speaker may meaБайду номын сангаас by saying it?
A.说话人知道听话人要在某个时间外出开会 （或办事、或送人上火车、或赴宴等）， 眼看已经快误点了，说话人对听话人说： “你怎么还没走”？
• D.一个普通老百姓来到某个部门办事，被某个态度 不好的工作人员拒之门外。过了半天，那工作人员 看见老百姓还在门口，于是说：“你怎么还不走”？ • 意思：可以比较肯定地认为，这是一种不太友好的
态度，是让对方赶快走开的意思。
Sentence Meaning
It is the abstract c o n t e x t independent entity called s e m a n t i c proposition.
Utterance Meaning
It is contextdependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.
Context plays a crucial role in interpreting the meaning of an utterance.
Ex. 3
• • • • • • • 季交恕：你知道这个消息吗？ 方维夏：什么消息？ 季交恕：蒋介石开刀了？ 方维夏：什么病开刀？ 季交恕：你还睡觉！杀人！ ——李六如 《六十年的变迁》
Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.
意义：提醒、催促，或是对听话人不守时间 的批评。若考虑双方的关系：上下级关系、 师生关系、父母子女之间，恋人之间等， 则可理解的意思还多些。
B.一个人老想着出国，老对别人说要办好手 续了，但老也没见他出国。有人就说： “你怎么还没走”？ 意义：关心、调侃或嘲讽。
• C.下班时间早过了，某人还在办公室忙乎，值班人 员过来锁门，说：“你怎么还没走”？ • 意思：爱护、生气或某种猜测
Pragmatics
Heated Attendant Parking
• A. You take an attendant, you heat him/her up, and this is where you can park him/her. • B. We can park a car in this place, it’s a heated area, and there will be an attendant to look after the car.
A pronoun replaces the preceeding noun phrase.
2.Emily hugged Cassidy and Zachary did too. 3.I am sick, which depresses me.
Pragmatics is different from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation but in context.
Semanticists take meaning to be an inherent property of language; pragmaticists regard meaning as something that is realized in the course of communication.
Linguistic context: discourse
The discourse that precedes and follows the phrase or sentence to be interpreted The knowledge of the language
1.John saw the boy with the telescope. Dan also saw him.