英美诗歌选读第二讲
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英美诗歌的韵步数
第一节单韵步行
单韵步诗行(monometer)是由一个韵步构成的诗行。例如斯科若的《希腊古瓮颂总结》,就是由单韵步诗行写成的诗:
Gods chase
Round vase.
What say?
What play?
Don’t know.
Nice, though. [1]
(Desmond Skirrow: Ode on a Grecian Urn Summarized)
完全由单韵步诗行构成的诗很稀有,单韵步诗行往往出现在多韵步诗行中间,如下面两个诗节中的第七、八诗行:
Go and catch a falling star,
Get with child a mandrake root,
Tell me where all past years are,
Or who cleft the Devil’s foot,
Teach me to hear mermaids’ singing,
Or to keep off envy’s stinging,
And find
What wind
Serves to advance an honest mind. [2]
(John Donne: Song)
第二节双韵步行
双韵步诗行(dimeter)是由两个韵步构成的一行诗。例如:
Razors | pain you;
Rivers | are damp;
Acids | stain you;
And drugs | cause cramp.
Guns aren’t | lawful;
Nooses | give;
Gas smells | awful;
You might | as well | live. [3]
(Dorothy Parker: Résumé)
除了最后一行,其他诗行都是双韵步,而第六诗行的第二个韵步省略了非重读音节。
单韵步和双韵步组合的诗行,威廉斯的《红色手推车》是个代表性例子:
so much | depends
upon
a red | wheel
barrow
glazed | with rain
water
beside | the white
chickens. [4]
(W. C. Williams: The Red Wheelbarrow)
第三节三韵步行和四韵步行
三韵步诗行(trimeter)和四韵步诗行(tetrameter)是由三个韵步和四个韵步构成的诗行,例如:
While I | am ly| ing on | the grass
Thy two|fold shout | I hear
From hill | to hill | it seems | to pass
At once | far off | and near.
….
And I | can li|sten to | thee yet!
Can lie | upon | the plain
And li|sten, till |I do | beget
That gol|den time | again. [5]
(William Wordsworth: To the Cuckoo)
在这首诗歌中,每个诗节的第一、三行是由四个韵步构成的诗行,而第二、四行则是由三个韵步构成的诗行。又如:
The Ma|riner, | whose eye | is bright,
Whose beard | with age | is hoar,
Is gone:| and now | the We|dding-Guest
Turned from | the bride|groom's door.
He went | like one | that hath | been stunned,
And is | of sense | forlorn :
A sa|dder and | a wi|ser man,
He rose | the mo|rrow morn. [6]
(Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
同样,每个诗节的第一、三行是由四个韵步构成的诗行,而第二、四行则是由三个韵步构成的诗行。
三韵步诗行不但常与四韵步诗行交叉使用,也常与双韵步诗行交叉使用。例如:
Winter|time nighs;
But my | bereave|ment-pain
It can|not bring | again:
Twice no | one dies.
Flower |-petal | flee;
But, since | it once | hath been,
No more | that se|vering | scene
Can ha|rrow me.
Birds faint | in dread:
I shall | not lose | old strength
In the | lone frost’s | black length:
Strength long | since fled! [7]
(Thomas Hardy: In Tenebris)
几乎每个诗节的第一、四行是双韵步行(其中第二诗节第一行为三韵步行,第三韵步省