Lisa美语笔记整理

元音音素：
通用：
单元音：
前元音：/i/ /i:/ /e/ /æ/
后元音：/u/ /u:/ /ɔ/ /ɔ:/ /ʌ/ /a:/
中元音：/ə/ /ə:/
双元音：
合口双元音：/ei/ /ai/ /ɔi/ /au/ /əu/
集口双元音：/iə/ /ɛə/ /uə/
KK:
单元音：/i/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ɑ/ /ə/ /ʌ/ /ɔ/ /ʊ/ /u/ /ɚ/ /ɝ/
双元音：/e/ /o/ /aɪ/ /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/
DJ:
单元音：
前元音：/ɪ/ /i:/ /e/ /æ/
后元音：/ʊ/ /u:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/ /ʌ/ /ɑ:/ 中元音：/ə/ / ɜ:/
双元音：
合口双元音：/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɒɪ/ /aʊ/ /əʊ/
集口双元音：/ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/
辅音音素KK&DJ：
爆破音：/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
摩擦音：/f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /∫/ /ʒ/ /r/ /h/
破擦音：/ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/ /t∫/ /dʒ/ 鼻音：/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
边音：/l/
半元音：/w/ /j/
1.元音音素
/i/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ɑ/ /ə/ (/ʌ/) /ɔ/ /ʊ/ /u/ /ɚ/ /ɝ/
/e/ /o/ /aɪ/ /aʊ/ /ɔɪ/
please see meat believe
this difficult if dinner
bed men dress friend
apple man stand angry
hot topic office modern
but gun jump love
always tall bought thought
book foot pull push took
moon shoes room blue
first Thursday girl work
late gate baseball stay OK
go drove slow moment
time wild nine dining
now house ground announce
enjoy noise boys annoying
2.中性/松元音/ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ə/ /ʊ/ 紧元音/i/ /æ/ /ɑ/ /u/ /ɔ/
fool - full hot - hut steel - still bag - beg
3./i/与/ɪ/
/i/
嘴唇向两边收紧，扁唇；舌头在口腔里向后收紧
see cheese please beat believe deceive /ɪ/
嘴唇放松；舌头位于正常位置，放松
if different this thing system gym
feet - fit leave - live sleep - slip these - this feel - fill steel - still eat - it beach - bitch sheet - shit
注意：主要区别不是长短而是紧松。

被强调时，松元音也可变长
Wow, your house is big!
4./a/与/ə/
/a/
上下张大嘴，把舌头贴在口腔底部，舌尖触碰下齿
hot father army watch
/ə/
嘴唇放松；舌头位于正常位置，放松
up fun but number cousin country love son other done
/a/发音通常较长，特别是重读的名词和形容词
That’s impossible.
I love my new job.
shot - shut Don - done lock - luck cop - cup
not - nut robber - rubber
5./u/与/ʊ/
/u/
双唇收圆，小圆唇
food moon blue true
/ʊ/
双唇稍撅
look took shook would could should push pull
fool - full Luke - look pool - pull
6./æ/
嘴角向两边拉开；上下齿高度为食指中指指尖叠加高度；舌头下贴，向后收紧。

英美发音不同：class math math class
发音通常较长，特别是名词和动词
apple angry man fat dance class dance class
Los Angeles California random answer
7./ɔ/
上下张口，口型呈椭圆形，像鸡蛋，略撅嘴。

英美发音不同
call tall fall small always automobile August audience applaud saw law awful
He paused in the hall to talk with Paul.
The author talked to the small audience.
We all thought you bought it at the mall.
It’s awful that he always breaks the law!
He’s exhausted because he’s been walking all day long.
8./o/
滑动
post moment go flow slow show road boat soap
No, I don’t.
Don’t go.
so slow almost over
9./ɚ//ɝ/ 一短，一长
发音方式/ə/+/r/
her teacher grammar learn heard bird first girl work worry word nurse hurt work early learn the words early bird perfect world
10.单词重音
重读音节内的元音要读得重而长
banana Canada biology photography
句子中的重读：
确定重读单词，重读音节内的元音要读得重而长
I love my new job.
I love it.
I have to call him.
You’re really tall.
It’s hot.
Let’s go to the park.
I got a job at the hospital.
11.单词非重读音节的弱化
symb o l loc a l rec or d
句子中的弱读
Let’s meet at two o’clock.
I’d like to talk to the pilot.
Let’s meet for breakfast.
I’d love to go for a walk.
12.辅音
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /∫/ /ʒ/ /r/ /h/
/ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/ /t∫/ /dʒ/
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /l/ /w/ /j/
13.发准每一个音
句子中单词的每个辅音都要发音到位。

因此，我们在讲英语时要注意自己的口型probably in general seven twelve
数字练习：1-20
14.清辅音与浊辅音
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /∫/ /ʒ/
/tr/ /dr/ /t∫/ /dʒ/ /ts/ /dz/
清辅音前的元音发音较短，浊辅音前的元音发音较长
ice - eyes back - bag safe - save pick - pig lock - log light - lied leaf - leave cup - cub
15./θ/ /ð/
舌尖位于两齿间，轻触上齿，气流由舌尖和上齿间流出
bath both math Thank you. Thursday thirsty anything healthy
father mother there this soothe
16./l/
尾音/l/：释放舌头，让舌尖触碰上齿后面并停留，气流由舌头两侧流，softer and longer，要能听出清晰的音
call Bill school wall feel ill feel ill awful film awful film
little animal little animal
I’ll call you to tell you about the film.
I feel terrible about the political scandal,
I think I’ll be able to handle it by myself. You’ll do well at school.
17./r/
舌头卷曲，不接触口腔，向后面拉
英式英语元音因素后的/r/通常不发出来hear learn teacher German Robert Parker first person computer picture over there park
18./w/
卷起嘴唇，肺部有大量的气流流出，声带振动
wait welcome always
quick quiet question require quality liquid
19./v/
上齿轻触上唇，浊辅音
very vote five eleven seven village visit vacation November
vow - wow vet - wet vine - wine vest - west
20./s/ /z/
has is was because these those please always
books bags boys
laughs feels plays
名词复数及动词第三人称单数/s/ &/z/读法清辅音后读/s/
浊辅音或元音后读/z/
21.停顿辅音与连续辅音
停顿辅音
爆破音/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
连续辅音
/s/ /z/ /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /∫/ /ʒ/ /ŋ/ 音节后的/m/ /n/ /l/
①爆破音后接辅音时失去爆破
②爆破音在句尾时失去爆破
不释放的/t/：位于句尾，或后接可连读外的辅音
No, it’s not.
I’m not that hot.
You’re quite right.
I can’t do it.
I want that blue hat.
Robert, you might be right.
It’s not that different.
What did you eat last night?
I can’t wait for that flight.
22.当/t/处于两元音之间，听起来像轻而快的/d/，弹跳/d/
better city ability water little auto automatic metal data
Yes,it is.
I got up at eleven o’clock.
Do you want to get in or get out?
I bought it at a computer store.
What a nice day it is!
23.同一音节内，当/t/后面跟着/n/时发出en 声：发/t/时，把舌头保持在上齿龈，然后直接发/n/，让气流由鼻腔流出，发出en声written mountain certain curtain
I am certain that’s the tallest mountain.
My cotton shirt has buttons.
I have forgotten when the book was written. Martin was born in Great Britain.
24./ŋ/
thinking working practising interesting thing
/ŋ/的连读
What are you thinking of?
What are you talking about?
bringing singing hanger
25./tr/ /dr/
短轻/t∫/ /dʒ/后接/r/
try travel tradition introduce control
dry drama drop drastic address hundred Sandra
26./t∫/ /dʒ/
t+u=/t∫/
d+u=/dʒ/
actually statue nature picture
graduate educate schedule individual
连读中的同化
/t/ +/j/=/t∫/ Why can’t you do it?
/d/+/j/=/dʒ/ Did you do it?
Would you like to see the schedule?
Aren’t you graduating in the spring?
Can’t you see the statue?
Did you get a college education?
27.动词过去式读法
动词以/t/ /d/结尾，ed读/id/
waited needed painted completed attended counted invited
动词以除了/t/的清辅音结尾，ed读/t/ stopped worked parked cooked passed laughed pushed watched
动词以除了/d/的浊辅音或元音结尾, ed读/d/
robbed loved realized used called played
28.节奏和语调
重读与弱读构成了节奏
29.音节重读
音节的概念
重读音节的元音发音更响亮更长(louder,longer and higher in pitch)
seat science success audiovisual urban decade colleague female Japan Iran locate donate detail parenthesis necessary [ˈnɛsəˌsɛri] necessity
30.双音节词读音规则
90%的名词，前一个音节重读
office problem window paper building mother father
60%-70%的动词，后一个音节重读
apply agree create relax complain enjoy
同一个单词名词和动词的不同读法
record object progress insult conflict present insert recall
31.”ate”组合的单词
动词读/et/ 名词或形容词读/ət/ graduate estimate articulate
动词/et/
negotiate abbreviate calculate nominate donate
形容词或名词/ət/
delicate chocolate accurate affectionate intimate
32.后缀的重读规则
-ese 重读后缀
Chinese Japanese Portuguese
-eer重读后缀
pioneer volunteer engineer
-ique重读后缀
antique boutique critique technique
-ic重读后缀前的音节
realistic elastic electric strategic optimistic terrific pacific
从名词到形容重读的变化
origin - original industry - industrial memory - memorial finance - financial
president - presidential
33.非重读音节：轻而短
madam problem symptom album
o’clock doctor photography
atom Adam
读音相同的不同单词
lesson - lessen profit - prophet seller - cellar caller - collar 两读音不同
economy memory control contain develop Europe information commercial
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
34.句子中单词重读的依据
重读单词的重读音节要louder,longer and higher in pitch
实词重读，虚词（功能词）弱读
I will be driving to the market to buy something to eat.
I will be driving to the market to buy something to eat.
实词+实词后一词通常重读
I got a new job.
Do me a favor.
See you later.
Let’s go for a walk.
Did you do your homework?
谓语+宾语宾语为代词，谓语要重读
Did you get it? ——Did you get the job?
Did you see it?——Did you see the film?
Who stole it?——Who stole my money?
Who stole the money from me?
I was washing the dishes for her.
He’s fixing the car for them.
I just got a new job.I am so excited about it. I couldn’t find one for a long time.
I’m working at the store. I’m selling women’s shoes.I started working there last week. On the first day, I was really nervous.There was so much to learn.
35.长句子朗读
根据语速，划分信息单位（意群，虚拟分组）；确定信息单位中的焦点词（关键词），焦点词通常在信息单位的后面部分；
停顿多数发生在信息单位间，和出现焦点词的
时候
I was driving to the market to get something to eat,because I was very hungry.
I was watching a movie with my friends when suddenly it started to rain.
I was watching a movie with my friends when suddenly it started to rain.
I was so tired that I couldn’t wait to get home.
I was so tired that I couldn’t wait to get home. If I forget to pay my bill, please remind me about
it.
He wants to know if you need anything from the supermarket.
Did you know it was snowing in all parts of the East Coast?
When we climbed to the top of the mountain we could see the ocean.
When we climbed to the top of the mountain we could see the ocean.
36.形容词+名词：重读名词
It’s a hot day.
You did a good job.
I have blond hair.
I’m wearing a black jacket.
I’m wearing a black blouse and a black jacket.
I have brown eyes.
I had a nice job.
I have an older brother.
I went to a party and I had a good time.
That was fast.
That was a fast flight.
I have five.
I have five dollars.
It’s old.
It’s an older film.
He’s younger.
He’s my younger brother. （younger：作形容词时，与作比较级时的读法不同）
That was great.
I had a great time.
I have an older brother and a younger sister. She has brown hair and blue eyes.
That old lady has a little dog.
My new car has four doors.
I read a good book during the long flight.
双形容词+名词：重读前一形容词和名词big black dog
angry old man
long hot shower
现在分词作定语，与动名词不同。

现在分词不重读，动名词则须重读，如：
a sleeping ‘child 现在分词不重读
a ‘sleeping car 动名词须重读
如何区分现在分词与动名词：
现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作，也可以说现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系。

动名词则表示其所修饰的名词的性质或用途，二者在逻辑上无主谓关系。

以以上两个短语为例，现在分词sleeping即表示其所修饰的名词child的动作，在逻辑上，child是主语，sleeping是谓语。

动名词sleeping 则表示其所修饰的名词car的用途，二者在逻辑上没有主谓关系。

37.名词短语和复合名词的重读：重读前一单词eyelid eyebrow forehead earring
hair style hair color hair brush hair salon
book shelf washing machine laptop window frame
driver’s license credit card cellphone car keys chewing gum
Please give me your phone number with the area code first.
My house has three bedrooms and two bathrooms.
I got a headache from the loud rock music.
The police officer was on a motorcycle.
After their wedding day they went on their honeymoon.
Don’t put the newspaper in the trashcan.
I bought a birthday present for my roommate.
38.动词短语（动词+副词）的重读规则：重读副词
注意辨别动词+副词与不及物动词+介宾两种情况。

前者副词为实词，修饰动词，须重
读，如：”Put on your coat.”；后者介词为虚词，不重读，如：”I’ll look after him.”。

1. 在“动词+副词”短语中，若宾语是名词时，则该名词既可放在动词与副词之间，也可放在副词之后；若宾语是代词时，则该代词只可放在动词与副词之间，不可放在副词之后。

It's time for breakfast. Wake the boy up
It's time for breakfast. Wake up the boy.
It's time for breakfast. Wake him up.
2. 在“动词+介词”短语中，其宾语无论是名词还是代词，都须放在介词后面。

不及物动词加上介词后，才能构成一个相当于及物动词的短语。

Listen to me.
Look at the blackboard.
如何判断动词后面的小品词是副词还是介词呢？
1. 介词后面必须跟名词或代词作宾语。

Look after the baby.
Send for a doctor.
副词后面可以带宾语，此时副词之前的动词一定是及物动词。

Put on the coat.或Put the coat on.
副词后面也可以不带宾语，此时副词前的动词一定是不及物动词。

In spring the flowers start to come out.
2.“动词+副词”短语中的副词对动词起修饰、补充作用，而“动词+介词”短语中的介词则不起这个作用。

3.“动词+副词”短语中的副词与动词的宾语存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。

而“动词+介词”短语中则不存在这种关系。

如：
1）The lift takes him down.宾语him与副词down 存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。

2）Go down the road, you'll find the hospital. 宾语the road与介词down不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

简单来说，副词是实词，可以用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词和句子。

动副词组后面能否接名词取决于动词的词性。

如果前面是不及物动词，则后面不接名词，如speak aloud。

如果前面是及物动词，则后面必须接名词做该动词的宾语，该名词可以放于副词之前也可以放于副词之后，一般来说，比较长的名词词组多置于副词之后，但是代词则必须置于动词之后副词之前，如put on your coat => put it on。

这里on作为副词对动词put的方位进行修饰限制。

介词是虚词，又称前置词，用法如其名，后面必须接名词或可以代替名词的词（如代词、动名词或名词性从句等）做该介词的宾语。

动介词组后面必须接一个名词，与动词无关。

如果前面是不及物动词，则构成动+介+名结构，如laugh at the boy。

如果前面是及物动词，则是动+名+介+名结
构，如put the book on the desk。

可以看出来，词组最后面的名词与前面的动词无直接关系，是介词at和on所指向的目标。

I found out about it.
Can you look it over for me?
I’ll think it over and I’ll call you back.
I can’t figure out why it broke down.
When he grew up he moved out.
动词短语化的名词读法：重读前一音节work out - workout make up - makeup check up - checkup break up - breakup
turn off - turnoff print out - printout
I wanna work out.
I had a great workout.
I’d like to buy some new makeup.
I went to a doctor to get a medical checkup. They decided to break up.
It was a very painful breakup.
That’s a real turn-off.
I would like to print out the information. Please give me the printout
39.人名和地名重读
两个音节——重读最后一个
South America United Kingdom
Los Angeles /lɔs'ændʒələs/ Las Vegas /l ɑ:s'veiɡəs/ Mexico City South Africa Central Park
George Washington Barack Obama [bɑ:'ræk] Julia Roberts Brad Pitt Tom Cruise
三个音节——重读最后一个
Martin Luther King John Fitzgerald Kennedy
John Wilson and Bob Jones went to South America.
Central Park is in New York.
His father likes Bob Dylan, but his grandfather likes Frank Sinatra.
Barack Obama was elected president of the United States.
Is that Julia Roberts or Nicole Kidman?
40.缩写词和数字重读
缩写词：重读后一字母，是一个整体，注意连读现象
CNN UCLA PhD ASAP PC HTML DVD CD IQ
Parker: PAR - KER
数词：重读后一数词
thirty seven ninety nine fifty eight eight hundred twelve
area code 310-555 8239
An important day in American history is July fourth, seventeen, seventy six.
He was born in nineteen eighty seven.
I went to work at 9:15 and came home at 5:45. Flight 507 left LAX at 7:25.
This CD costs $19.99.
He was born in LA in 1987.
When they got married, he was 31 and she was 29.
41.特殊重读：特别强调时的重读
This is the best ice cream I’ve ever had. 正常重读
This is the best ice cream I’ve ever had.
This is the biggest dog I’ve ever seen.
在日常交谈中通常不需要用到特殊重读
I love your new car.
——You don’t smoke, do you?
——I used to smoke.
I don’t smoke now but I used to smoke.
——You will not go there tomorrow night, right? ——I will go.
Do you speak French? Or German?
I speak French and German.
Mary made a cake for my birthday.
42.声调
陈述句、祈使句、特殊疑问句通常降调
一般疑问句通常降调
All right. All right?
Hello? Who is calling?
Hello. Nice to meet you.
I like it.
Have a nice day.
My name is Bob.
It’s cold outside.
I’m tired.
I’m hungry because I haven’t eaten all day.
I feel good.
Today is Monday.
I’m gonna go to work soon.
How are you?
How old are you?
Where do you live?
What do you do?
Where were you born?
How did you do that?
Are you hungry?
Did you eat?
Did he go?
Did you like it?
Did you call me?
Are you angry at me?
Why are you angry at me?
Is it hot in there?
Why is it so hot in there? Did you get there late?
Why did you get there late? Have you been to New York?
How many times have you been to New York? Did it start?
What time did it start?
43.句子里声调变化
列举多个物品或动作的句子中：前几个名词升调或降升调，最后的名词或动作降调
I bought chicken, fish, apples, and sugar at the supermarket.
I woke up, ate breakfast and went to work.
I like to run, to play tennis and to swim.
I have milk，water，butter and eggs.
We have coke, water, lemonade , ice cream and iced tea in the fridge.
句子中，前半句升调或降升调表未完成
I think it’s gonna rain, but I’m not sure.
I’d love to eat that, but I’m on a diet.
If you give me your number, I’ll call you.
引导短语，使用升调或降升调
on the other hand however in my opinion On the other hand, maybe I’ll go.
On the other hand, I’ll take the blue one.
If you ask me, I think you did a good job.
If I were you, I would talk to him.
选择疑问句，前者升调，后者降调Should I call you or send you an email?
Do you like chicken or beef?
Does he have green eyes, or blue eyes?
Is he a young man or an old man?
Are you married or single?
They have four children ages seven, nine, eleven and fourteen.
I went to the gym, came home and called my friend.
As far as I know, I’m not allergic to anything. According to the weather report, it’s going to rain.
44.高级技巧：连读，省读，正式场合与非正式场合口语
45.辅音+元音连读：自然流畅的语流
连读时注意：
①连读不不是读的快
②连读遵从弱读、重读原则
③信息单位间不连读
in an instant
John is a friend of mine.
I’m an actor.
build up come over call up for a while where is what if
Hold on a minute.
Give me a cup of coffee.
Just a moment
It’s all I’ll need for a while.
Where is his uncle?
Does everybody here work out?
Can I think it over?
Why did Adam bring it up again?
46.辅音间的连读
相同辅音连读：只读后一辅音。

可稍微延长后一辅音，但不要停顿
Bill likes swimming.
I’m gonna stop practising.
I’ll see you next time.
I wish she would call me.
I had a bad day yesterday.
There are nine nails left.
His name is Bob Barker
I love vegetables.
Everything is going great.
I used to smoke.
（注意：used to词组中used的读音为/just/；表示“用过的”时读音为/juzd/）
相同发音点的辅音相连：只读后一辅音。

相同发音点辅音组：
/p/ /b/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /n/ /l/ /k/ /g/ /ŋ/ /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/
/∫/ /ʒ/ /tr/ /dr/ /t∫/ /dʒ/ /ts/ /dz/
I have five friends.
I have a big kitchen.
It’s supposed to be a good movie.
I need to go.
注意：爆破音的失爆现象
I wish she would talk to me.
Did that man know about the situation?
I could drive you there right now.
He always seems so happy.
I used to work crazy hours but these days I’ve slowed down.
47.元音间的连读：轻连读
扁唇i音：/i/ /ɪ/ /e/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/
see it very interesting carry on we all may I enjoy it boy is
圆唇u音：/u/ /o/ /aʊ/
who is two hours blue ocean do all no answer go away
I don’t do it very often.
Why is she so afraid of it?
I can see inside the open window.
This is the only one I know about.
Did you see any other ones?
48.介词轻读
注意：轻读不是读的急
as /əz/ on /ən/ at /ət/ to /tə/ for /fər/ or /ər/
our /ər/ and /n/
as long as you want
as soon as possible
as far as I know
as good as I get
I’ll see you on Monday.
I’ll call you on Tuesday.
Put it on the desk.
Please come on time.
I’m at home.
I’m at school.
I’ll meet you at five.
I’ll call you at six.
I’d like to go to the store.
I’m going to work.
I’d like to talk to you.
for a while for a moment for a long time
I haven’t seen you for a long time.
yes or no
good or bad
Would you like this or that?
This is our house.
This is our car.
Do you like our new garden? Here is our number.
I love rock and roll.
in and out
John and Mary
this and that
I’d like to see you for a moment.
Sooner or later you’ll meet our parents.
I went to work at nine o’clock.
I had bacon and eggs for breakfast.
Do you like black and white or color photos?
49.代词轻读
he /ɪ/ him /ɪm/ her /ɚ/ them /əm/
Did he go?
Did he do it?
Could he help me?
Should he call you?
would he
I told him.
I’ll call him
I’ll ask him a question.
When I see him I’ll say hello.
I’ll call her.
I really love her.
I like her.
I’ll drive her.
I’ll pick them up after school.
need them buy them
I’ll talk to him when I see him.
He wants her to know that he loves her.
I’ll pick them up and take them home. ——Is that his car?
——No, that’s his brother’s car.
She cut her hair and I didn’t recognize her.。