词汇学名词解释

【名词解释】
Word(词)：From the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of sentence. Onomatopoeia(拟声法): People began talking by creating iconic signs to imitate the sounds heard around them in nature.
Concept(概念): A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind.
Referent(指示物)：The concept is abstract from the person, thing, relationship, idea, event, and so on. We call this the referent.
Denotation(外延义): The denotation meaning of a word usually refers to the dictionary definition of a word.
Connotation(内涵义): The connotation meaning of a word refers to the emotional aspect of a word. Lexical item(词项): A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. Lexical item are often referred to, loosely, as words.
Vocabulary(词汇): The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc.
Morpheme(形位): A morpheme is the minimal significant element. It is also the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.
Content morphemes(实义形位)：Content morphemes known as free morpheme(自由形位)are those that may constitute words by themselves.
Grammatical morphemes(语法形位): Grammatical morphemes known as bound morphemes (粘附形位) are those that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free.
Morphs(形素): A morpheme needs to be represented in certain phonological and orthographical forms. The forms are called morphs.
Affix(词缀): Grammatical morphemes may also be called affixes; affixes are segments that added to a root.
Allomorphs(形位变体): The total variants of a morpheme are called allomorphs.
Affixation(词缀法): The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called~.
Affixes that come before the root are called prefixes(前缀); those that come after the root are called Suffixes(后缀).
Conversion(转类法): Conversion means using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word.
Compounding (Composition合成法): Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.
Compound(合成词): Words formed by compounding are called compounds.
Back-formation(逆成法): Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix.
Abbreviation(Shorting缩略法):
Clipped words (缩短词): Clipped words are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving Only a piece of the old word.
Initialisms(首字母连写词): Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters or words and Pronounced as letters.
Acronyms(首字母拼音词)：Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and Pronounced as words.
Blending(拼缀法): Blending is a process of word-formation by combining parts of other words. Motivation(理据): Motivation deals with the connection between name and sense.
Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据): Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound.
Semantic motivation(语义理据): Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors.
Metaphor(隐喻): Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.
Metonymy(借代): Metonymy is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes.
Synecdoche(提喻): Synecdoche means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.
Analogy(类比): Analogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.
Logical motivation(逻辑理据):Logic motivation deals with the problem of defining a concept by meaning of logic.
Semantic Features(语义特征): The linguistic meaning of a word is the set of abstracted characteristics necessary to distinguish the category which the word names from all other categories. This abstracted characteristics are known as semantic features.
Binary opposition(二分法): Binary opposition is a method to analyze the word by establishing a binary feature which holds between the noun pairs.
Polesemy(一词多义): The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as “polesemy”; such a word is “polesemic(多义词)”.
The primary meaning(原始义) refers to what a word originally meant and the derivative meaning(派生义) refers to the meaning springing from the original meaning.
Radiation(辐射): An important process by which words extend their meaning is called ~.
Concatenation(连锁联结): It means that a word moves gradually away from its original sense as a result of successive semantic changes until, in many cases, there is not a trace of connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary sense. Generalization(Extension词义扩展): It means stretching of meaning.
Specialization(词义缩小): It means shrinking of meaning.
Elevation(词义升格): When the meaning narrows toward a more favorable meaning, it is called elevation or amelioration.
Degeneration(词义降格): When the meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning it is called degeneration or degradation or pejorative change.
Antonomasia(转称): The use of a proper noun to convey a general idea is known as antonomasia. Transference (词义转移): The process of by which the difference has occurred in the development of a language is called transference of meaning.
Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy refers to the relationship which obtains between general and specific lexical items (between the genus the species). The latter is included in the former.
The general lexical item is called the superordinate or the upper term(上义词), and the specific item the Hyponym or the lower term(下义词).
Synonymy(同义): Lexical items which have the same meaning but differ in morphemic structure,
phonological form and usage are synonyms(同义词), and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.
Semantically synonymous field(语义同义场)：The synonymic dominant(主导同义词) is the common denotational component that brings two or more words together into a synonymic group, which can be called a semantically synonymous field.
Antonymy(反义): The term antonymy is used for “oppositeness of meaning”; words that are in opposition are antonyms (反义词).
Contraries(相对反义词): Contraries show a type of oppositeness of meaning, which can be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.
Complementaries(互补反义词): Complementaries represent a type of binary semantic contrast which admits of no gradability between the items.
Conversives(换位反义词): Conversives display a type of oppositeness of meaning; there is an independent of meaning, such the one member of the pair presupposes the other member. Homonymy(同形(音)异义词): Lexical items which have the same phonological or spelling, but differ in meaning are called homonymy.
Homographs(同形异义词): Words that have the same spelling, but differ in sound and meaning are called homographs.
Homophones(同音异义词): Words that have the same phonological form, but differ in spelling and meaning are called homophones.
Perfect homonyms(完全同音同形异义词): Words that are identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms (or full homonyms).
Paradigmatic & syntagmatic relationship(纵聚合&横组合关系): Sets f elements which can be substituted one for another in a given context are set to be in paradigmatic relationship;
elements which combine to form a larger unit are set to be in syntagmatic relationship.
Co-occurrence(共现): Co-occurrence refers to the permitted syntagmatic combination of words. 辛苦手工码的希望对大家有帮助。