非谓语动词、独立主格、省略讲义

非谓语动词

1、根据主动还是被动来确定非谓语形式。

独立主格

一、概念：所谓独立主格它有三大特点：一是用逗号隔开，独立存在；二是独立主格结构不是句子，但主格与非谓语动词或其他词语存在逻辑上的关系；三是独立主格结构充当其后面或前面的句子的状语。

二、独立主格形式：

1、名词或主格代词+现在分词。

此结构中，名词或主格代词是现在分词即动词v-ing形式所表示的动作的执行者。

如：Weather permitting,we’ll go there together.

=If weather permits,we’ll go there together.

With the old man helping us,we had no trouble finding his house.

=The old man helping us,we had trouble finding his house.

=As the old man helped us,we had no trouble finding his house.

注意：with 是介词后接短语；as是连词后接句子。

2、名词或主格代词+过去分词。

此结构中：名词或主格代词通常是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。

His old shoes worn out,he had to buy a new pair.

=With his old shoes worn out,he had to buy a new pair.

=As his shoes were worn out,he had to buy a new pair.

3、名词或主格代词+动词不定式。

此结构中：名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，与动词不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不

定式多表示将来的动作。

A lot of homework to do,Jim couldn’t go out with his friends.

=With a lot of homework to do,Jim couldn’t go out with his friends.

=Because/As he had a lot of homework to do,Jim couldn’t go out with his friends.

4、名词或主格代词+形容词或副词。

Many people like to sleep with their windows open.

The meeting over,the teacher went out one by one.

=With the meeting over,the teacher went out one by one.

=When the meeting was over,the teachers went out one by one.

5、名词或主格代词+介词短语

The teacher came in,book in hand.

=The teacher came in,with a book in his hand.

=When the teacher came in,there was a book in his hand.

6、with 结构也是独立主格

三、学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题

1．独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致

从以上例子我们可以看出，含有独立主格结构的句子，前后主语是不一致的，这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。

例(1) Hearing the news, he was very excited.

(2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.

在这两个句子里，第一个句子，前后的主语是一致的，都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子；而第二个句子，我们可以发现，有两个主语，第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it，非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系，因此它是一个独立主格结构。2．在独立主格结构中，动词是用现在分词还是过去分词

一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词。如：Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中，time 和permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系－－－“时间允许”，因此用现在分词。如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系，并且有被动的意思，用过去分词。如：“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中，time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系，有被动的意思---“如果被给更多时间”，因此用过去分词。

3．独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句

独立主格结构不是一个句子，而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。

例Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：When the work has been done, John went home.

例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.

4．完成时态的运用

在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前，常用现在分词的完成时态having done，根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。

例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next.

非谓语动词与省略

1、与分词有关的省略