跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 6

behavior choices • provide the basic set of standards that guide thought and action
3.2 Ingredients of Cultural Patterns
Beliefs 信念
A set of learned interpretations that form the basis for cultural members to decide what is and what is not correct.
Ex: Hindus, Taoism
Becoming
Ex: Native Americans, most South Americans
sees humans as evolving and changing.
Doing
Ex: Euroamericans
assume that it is important to get things done.
the self is located solely within the individual is definitely separate from others VS. A heightened sense of interdependence, being bounded or connected to others
the strength or importance or the significant degree of the value.
EX: respecting for elders
3.2 Ingredients of Cultural Patterns
Norms 规范
The outward manifestations of beliefs and values are norms, which are socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.
6.1 Culture Shock
A feeling of frustration, uneasiness, or uncertainty that many people experience in unknown settings.
• cannot be seen, heard, tasted or experienced • exist only in minds of people • are shared mental programs that govern specific
Instrumental values: 行为价值(强调人的行为和品性好坏)
• “good” ways of behaving, or “ways to be” Values Types • including honesty, love, obedience, ambition and (by Milton independence… Rokeach) Terminal values: 终极价值(强调追求某种终极状态的乐趣) • end-states of existence that most members of a culture desire, or “things to have or achieve” • including freedom, comfortable life, wisdom, a world at peace, and true friendship…
③ Affecting the style of interpersonal communication that is most
preferred:
directness or confrontation VS. indirectness, obliqueness, ambiguity, use of intermediaries Ex: “putting your cards on the table” VS. saving face and maintaining interpersonal harmony
② The way in which people define their social roles or their
place:
determined by family VS. regardless of family position Ex: Abraham Lincoln
♦ (2) Social relations orientation 社会关系取向
① values nonaction and an acceptance of the status quo.
Being
Ex: African-American, Greek cultures
② believe that all things are determined by fate and
therefore inevitable or fatalistic.
emphasizing formality VS. stressing equality group membership VS. individual identify Ex: “We are all human”; informality between teachers & students change of group, job, companies and best friends
Central beliefs: 文化群落中人们对世界的总的信念
Including the culture’s fundamental teachings about what reality is and expectations about how the world works.
Peripheral beliefs: 指人们对日常事务的喜好
• like values, can vary within a culture in terms of their
importance and intensity. • can change over a period of time • existing for a wide variety of behaviors and include typical social routines • the surface characteristics that emerge from a culture’s beliefs and values
② The set of characteristics of those individuals who are valued and
cherished:
venerate elders (Asian, Asian-American) VS. value on youth, innovator (Euroamerican)
④ Affecting the sense of social reciprocity--the underlying sense of
obligation and responsibility between people:
Preferring independence and a minimum number of obligations VS. Accepting obligations and encouraging dependence
3.3 Concepts about Cultural Patterns Variations
3.3.1 Stewart’s Cultural Patterns
♦ (1) Activity orientation 行为倾向
Defines how the people of a culture view human actions and the expression of self through activities.
① The source of பைடு நூலகம்otivation for human behavior:
• achieve external success, control fate, set goals, rely on oneself • emphasize duties, rights or some combination of two
Referring to matters of personal taste.
3.2 Ingredients of Cultural Patterns
Values 价值观
What a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.
♦ (3) Self-orientation 自我取向
Describes how people’s identities are formed, whether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates individual actions, and the kinds of people who are valued and respected.
♦ (4) World orientation 世界观取向
Tells people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature, and other living things.
2) Work
3) Interpersonal communication
♦ (2) Social relations orientation 社会关系取向
Describes how the people in culture organize themselves and relate to one another. ① The degree of importance a culture places on formality:
3.2 Ingredients of Cultural Patterns
Values differ on the dimensions of valence and intensity.
Valence: 价值取向度 Intensity: 价值强弱度
the direction of the value, or whether the value is seen as positive or negative.
♦ (1) Activity orientation 行为趋向
1) Measuring one’s success
Tangible product, activity should have a purpose (doing) VS. Not connected to external products or actions (being & becoming) A separate activity from play and an end in itself(doing) VS. A means to an end, no clear-cut separation between work and play (being & becoming) Concerns about what people do and how to solve problems(doing) VS. Being together rather than by accomplishing specific tasks (being & becoming)