英语语言学教学总结

英语语言学教学总结

篇一：英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语语言学

一、名词解释

第一课

1.Synchronic共时性:Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical “point”intime.\akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessar ily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

ngue语言:Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

nguage:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancom munication.

4.arbitrariness任意性:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformso flinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

第二课

1.Phoneme音位:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning. Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalu

e.

2.allophone音位变体:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticen vironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

3.minimalpair最小对立体:whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundseg mentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoforma minimalpair.

第三课

1.morphology形态学:morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwo rdsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2.derivationalmorphemes派生词素:Somemorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsa recalled…

3.inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素:Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmar kersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.

第四课

1.Syntax语法句法:abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentences

andtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

2.Syntacticcategories句法范畴:wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calle dsyntacticcategories.

3.deepstructure深层结构:FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructureord-structure.

4.Surfacestructure表层结构:correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfroma ppropriatetransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.

第五课

1.Reference指称:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;it dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguistic worldofexperience.

2.Homonymy同音异义:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeanings havethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinbot

h.

3.Hyponymy上下义关系:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusiv ewordandamorespecificword.

第六课

1.Pragmatics语用学:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesente ncestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

2.Utterance话语:asentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.

3.Utterancemeaning话语意义:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeani ngofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

4.illocutionaryact言外行为:anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

二、简答题

第一课

1．whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Th estudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.itdescribesindividualspeec hsoundsandindicatestheirphysicalorphoneticproperties.itstudiesthewaysin whichthesesoundsformpatternsandsystemsandhowtheyworktoconveymea ninginthesystemoflanguage.2．whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthink shouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage? Theimportantcharacteristicswhichshouldbeincludedinagooddefinitionofla nguageareseparately:systematic,arbitraryandvocal.

Firstofall,languageisasystem.ithasitsownsetofrulesforpeopletoabideby,orp