第一单元 句子成分

第一单元句子成分

句子的主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。

一、主语subject

主语可由名词（或名词词组）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词(短语)、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

2.We often speak English in class.

3.One is enough.

4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

5.Smoking does harm to the health.

6.The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词

7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.

（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

＊the+形容词/过去分词，表示一类人。

二、谓语predicate

谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：

He practices running every morning.

The plane took off at 10 o’clock.

2、复合谓语：

（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：

Do you speak English？

They are working in a field.

He has caught a bad cold.

（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：

We are students. （系表作谓语）

三、表语predicative

用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：

1.Our teacher of English is an American. （名词）

2.Is it yours?（代词）

3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）

4.The speech is exciting.（分词）

5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）

6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）

7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）

8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）

9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）

10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。系动词可以是be动词，还可以是感官动词等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

He is a teacher. （is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）

2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always kept silent at meeting.

3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

He seems (to be) very sad.

4）感官系动词主要有look,feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：

This kind of cloth feels very soft.

5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：

The river was beginning to run dry.

6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"结果是;证明是"，之意，例如：

The rumor proved false.

His plan turned out a success.

四、宾语

宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：

1.He is doing his homework.

2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.

4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

5.He pretended not to see me.

6.I enjoy listening to popular music.

7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.

宾语种类：

（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：

Lend me your dictionary, please.

To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.

For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.

（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：

They elected him their monitor.

※下列动词只能接不定式做宾语

ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：

He refused to lend me his bike.

※下列动词只能接动名词做宾语

admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine,