混凝土质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
浅谈清水混凝土的质量控制技术措施
一、测量放线
测量放线作为先导工序应贯穿于各个环节，它是保证主体结构外形尺寸满足设计要求的前提，是使主体结构达到清水混凝土的基础，在实际施工中应抓住以下几点：
1、施工竖向精度
(1)水准点埋设水准点是竖向控制的依据，要求一个施工场区内设置不少于3个，点与点间距离50～100m，以利于互相通视和校核，墙上水准点应选设在稳定的建筑物上，以便于保存、查找、引测。

(2)高程控制网的布设在场区依据业主提供的水准点(由市测绘部门引测)，
建立高程控制网。

2、平面轴线投测
平面轴线精度受控，是确保设计轴线和细部线准确的基础。

根据轴线控制桩，将所需轴线投测到施工平面图上，同一层上所投测的纵横轴线不得少于2条，以此作为角度、距离的校核。

经校核无误后方可在该平面上放出其它相应的设计轴线和细部线。

在实际施工中需注意：①各楼层的轴线投测，上下层垂直偏差不得超过3mm；
②轴线投测后放出竖向构件几何尺寸和模板就位线、检查控制线；③施工平面测量工作完成后，方可进入竖向施测；④墙体拆模后，在墙体上测出结构1m线以供下道工序使用；⑤每一层平面或每段轴线施测完后，进行自检，合格后由专职人员复检，合格后再报检。

3、引测标高
要保证竖向控制的精度要求，先要进行高程控制网点的联测，检查场区内水准点是否被碰动，确认无误后引测标高。

(1)标高基准点的测设必须正确，同一层不少于3点，以便于互相校核，其3点校差不得超过3mm，取其平均值作为平面施工中标高基准点。

(2)根据基坑情况，在坑内设置标桩，将高程引测到标桩上，用红“△”标出，并标明绝对标高和相对标高，供施工时用。

(3)在地上1层和电梯基坑，采用10cm×10cm钢板制作，用钢针刻划出“十”字线作为基准点，为高程引测提供依据，首层以上各层在基准点的正上方相应位置设计预留洞200mm×200mm(激光束及锤球的通孔)，严禁覆盖，并严防杂物从洞口坠落。

(4)各层标高的传递均利用首层红“△”上顶线为标高基准线，用检定合格的钢尺向上引测，也可位于中间层，加设标高基准点，以此向上传递。

(5)标高基准点每层不少于3个，用水准仪往返测，测设合格注上标记，并要设在同一个水平标高上。

二、钢筋工程
要保证构件几何尺寸和模板安装到位，首先要保证钢筋位置准确、不位移，应抓好以下几个方面：
1、严格控制钢筋的配料尺寸
要使配制的各种钢筋和箍筋平直、方正及弯钩准确，应严格把好配料关，派有经验的人负责，实行定期的抽检，不合格者责令返工并予处罚，直至符合设计要求。

2、钢筋接头和绑扎
为保证搭接范围内的钢筋密度不增加，以便于混凝土浇筑和节约钢材，必须进一步推广粗直径钢筋的机械连接和焊接，不断提高钢筋的连接质量和施工技术水平。

绑扎钢筋的扎丝多余部分应向构件内侧弯折，以免因外露形成锈斑，影响清水混凝土观感质量。

3、确保钢筋生根位置准确
确保钢筋生根位置准确采取了以下措施：①在柱施工中采用定位套箍，卡住主筋确保其位置，套箍按柱的断面设计制作，另外采用主筋φ16～18的斜撑进行加固，确保主筋位置准确；②在剪力墙钢筋根部采用梯形定位套箍，用来固定主筋不位移，并控制好排距。

4、墙横向钢筋的控制
墙横向钢筋即水平筋的排距和内外竖筋距离的控制，采用竖向定位梯形撑，将此支撑埋于墙内，可采用φ14～16钢筋焊接，间距1.2～1.5m。

5、保护层垫块
为稳住钢筋及其安装方便，对以往的保护层垫块进行了改进，平板的垫块改为正四棱台形；墙上的垫块，改卡口为半圆形，可将钢筋卡在半圆内，再加扎丝扎牢。

6、做好各工种间配合协调工作
在现浇混凝土的过程中，放线工、钢筋工、木工各负其责，在施工过程中实施跟踪管理，发现异常随时处理。

另外，针对混凝土浇筑时可能发生的偏移或碰撞钢筋的现象采取辅助奖罚措施。

三、模板工程
为实现清水混凝土的目标，减少模板的投入，针对不同结构部位设计不同类型的模板，尽量设计成大模板。

另外，从模板安装、拆除和维修等方面也应采取相应的措施。

1、模板设计
由于整个标准层建筑平面中无相似形平面和平面对称性，致使模板通用性、互换性差。

为减少模板投入量，将不具有互换性的核心筒部分独立划分为一个流水段，按照每一流水段模板的配置等量的原则，以中间的轴线为分段界线，将标准层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个流水段，使其模板的公用部分可周转使用。

对不具有互换性的模板，则采取在每次支模板时调剂使用。

2、模板安装
模板安装方案如下：①墙模板、电梯井筒模分别选用整体式全钢大模板及提升伸缩井筒模；②现浇楼板底模采用支撑、早拆头、木龙骨、胶合板散拆支模方案；③门窗洞口采用自行设计、制作的组合式模板，边框木楞采用定型角钢护角，阴角配置快拆装置，使用效果好、拆卸方便、周转快，门窗洞口垂直、方正；④为确保踏步侧板强度、刚度，在侧板的外侧，位于两边各加1根木楞，从而使踏步板侧面垂直、平整、不翘曲；⑤外墙房间水平缝过渡带采用预留装饰线条的方法，即在大模板上加150mm高的钢板，下设7mm厚、10cm左右宽(但同一层必须一致)橡皮条，上下用胶水粘上，确保密封、不漏浆，拆模后留下1条有规则的装饰线；⑥大模板阴角节点采用角模勾栓，确保了阴角稳定、方正；⑦大模板阳角节点利用大模板相交的自然构造密封，采用45°斜拉支座，连接两模板，达到不漏浆，确保阳角方正的目的。

为取得清水混凝土的质量效果，加强对模板尤其是胶合板的施工管理尤为重要。

安装模板时应严格按模板组装图进行，对号入座，定点使用。

拆模时按支撑
的倒顺序进行，要保护板面，严禁强行砸、撬模板，拆卸后及时清理，并修理损伤的模板，经检查合格后涂刷隔离剂备用。

四、混凝土工程
1、混凝土配制
清水混凝土要颜色一致，则要求所用的材料一致。

水泥应选用厂家、标号、品种相同且安定性好、强度好的水泥；砂石也应按规定选用合格材料；外加剂不仅要满足混凝土施工性能的要求，而且要有利于提高混凝土的内在质量和外观效果。

混凝土应取样试配，按试配的配合比施工，严格控制坍落度。

2、混凝土浇捣
混凝土浇捣前要进行模板内部清理，干净后用水湿润方可浇筑，振捣方法要正确。

墙、柱根部先浇同混凝土内砂浆成分相同的水泥砂浆，顶部浇筑时加入适量洗净的石子，这样既保证根部、顶部混凝土的强度，又可使材质均匀一致。

搅拌一要均匀，二要保证时间，振捣要密实，不得漏浆。

对于墙体及大体积混凝土，采用自然流淌，按照“一个坡度、薄层浇筑、顺序推进、一次到顶”十六字方针。

位于斜坡上，依据振捣器所振动的范围布置卸料点，坡脚及中部振捣密实，随着振捣的方向向前推进，确保混凝土浇筑质量，卸料高度超过3m时，则采用串筒或溜槽。

3、混凝土养护
混凝土早期养护，应派专人负责，使混凝土处于湿润状态，养护时间应能满足混凝土硬化和强度增长的需要，使混凝土强度满足设计要求。

五、成品保护
混凝土浇筑成型后，如不加以保护易使阴阳角受损，直接影响清水混凝土的外观质量，同时，开关盒预留洞、上下水管的保护也间接影响到清水混凝土的观感效果，故采取以下措施进行成品保护：
1、主体结构中，门洞、墙角、窗台均采用2cm×4cm的板条，组成阳角，护在阳角上，用铅丝扎牢，楼梯间踏步采用铺板保护。

2、电线开关盒用铁皮盖封口，墙上预留洞采用泡沫塑料板覆盖，在板四周用胶带纸粘贴。

3、上下水管用水泥袋包裹，铁丝绑扎封口。

板上预留洞在20cm以内，先用砖盖上，再抹水泥浆，大于20cm采用木板覆盖。

六、结论
该工程经有关质量监督管理部门的专家现场评定，达到了主体结构清水混凝土的质量要求。

Foreign Literature
On the concrete water quality control measures
First, measurement-line
Measurement-line as the pilot process should permeate all aspects, it is to ensure that the main structure form factor designed to meet the requirements of the premise is that the main structure of water to the concrete foundation, in the actual construction should seize the following:
1, the vertical accuracy of the construction
(1) standard, the standard is laying the basis for vertical control, asking for a set of market area of not less than three, point-to-point distance between 50 ~ 100 m, so as to help each other, as-and Verification, the wall should be the standard point Elections in the stability of buildings, in order to save, find, with measurement.
(2) elevation control network laid at the district level based on the owners points (measured with the Urban mapping departments), the establishment of elevation control network.
2, the axis for measuring plane
Plane axis controlled precision, is to ensure that the design of the axis of accurate and detailed basis. According to the axis control piles, will be required to test for the axis of the floor plan, with a vote on the measurement of the vertical and horizontal axis of not less than two, as a point of view, from the check. After checking correct before the release of the plane on the other axis and the corresponding design detail line.
In the actual construction should pay attention to: ① each floor for measuring the axis, the vertical deviation on the lower deck of not more than 3 mm; ② axis for measuring the vertical component released after the size and geometry of the template in place to check the line of control;
③ plane measuring the completion of construction , Before entering the vertical Measurement; ④ Chaimo wall, the wall on the structure measured 1 m line for the use of the procedure; ⑤ each layer plane or after each axis Survey, conducted self-inspection , After passing from full-time staff recheck, qualified after报检.
3, with measured elevation
To ensure the accuracy of vertical control, the first network to control the height of the test to check whether the market was at the district level dynamic collision, after the confirmation to Reply elevation measurement.
(1) elevation of setting benchmarks to be correct, with a layer of not less than 3:00 to each other in check, 3:00 poor school shall not exceed 3 mm, comes as the average of the high plane of the successful bidder reference point.
(2) pit, the pit set standard piles, with elevation will be measured on the standard pile, with red "△" marked, and marked elevation of absolute and relative elevation for construction use.
(3) on the ground floor and the elevator pit, a 10 cm × 10cm steel production, with Gangzhen characterization of "10" character as a reference point line, provide the basis for measuring height Reply, Shouceng points above the benchmark levels in the Design is at the top position for the corresponding hole 200 mm × 200mm (laser beam and hammer the ball through hole), is prohibited coverage, and to prevent debris falling from the hole.
(4) on each floor elevation of the transfer are using Shouceng red "△" on the top line for the elevation of baseline, with approval of qualified Gangchi up with measured, but also in the middle layer, additional elevation reference points, to pass up.
(5) elevation reference points on each floor of not less than three, with Level from the measurement, setting passing note on the tag and to the same level in elevation on.
Second, the steel works
To ensure component geometry and templates installed in place, we must first ensure that accurate location of steel, not displacement, should grasp the following aspects:
1, strictly control the size of reinforced ingredients
For the preparation of various steel and stirrups straight, Founder and hooks accurate, and should be strictly related to good ingredients, to send an experienced person responsible for the implementation of periodic sampling, were ordered to rework and failed to penalties up with the design Requirements.
2, reinforced joints and Bangzha
To ensure that overlap within the scope of steel not to increase density, in order to save steel and concrete pouring, we must further promote the large diameter steel welding and mechanical connection, continuously improve the quality of the connection steel and construction skills. Bangzha reinforced the Zhasi redundant components should be part of the medial bending to avoid because of the exposed form Xiuban, concrete impact on water quality perception.
3, to ensure accurate location of reinforced rooting
Rooting reinforced to ensure accurate location to take the following measures: ① column in the construction of a targeted set of hoops, Zhu Jin stuck to its position, set behind-the section on design, and Zhu Jin φ16 ~ 18 by the diagonal bracing reinforcement to ensure that Zhu Jin Location accuracy; ② roots in the shear walls reinforced by ladder positioning sets hoop, Zhu Jin not used to fixed displacement, and a good distance control.
4, horizontal wall of reinforced control
Wall horizontal steel tendons that the level of vertical distance and tendons from both inside and outside the control of a vertical ladder shoring location, buried inside this support, can be welded steel φ14 ~ 16, spacing 1.2 ~ 1.5 m.
5, protective layer Pad
To stabilize the steel and its easy installation, the protective layer of the previous Pad has improved, the plate is Sileng Pad to Taiwan-shaped; wall Pad, to mount for the semi-circular, the card can be reinforced in the semicircle, Zha Sizha in jail plus.
6, with good coordination between the various types of work In the process of in-situ concrete, take the line, Gangjin Gong, carpentry duties in the construction process of tracking and management,
dealing with unusual at any time. In addition, for concrete pouring at the possible impact of migration or reinforced to support the phenomenon of reward and punishment measures.
Third, the template works
To achieve the goal of plain concrete to reduce the input templates for different parts of different types of design templates, National Cheng Kung University as far as possible the design template. In addition, the template from the installation, maintenance and removal of such areas should also take corresponding measures.
1, template design
As the standard of construction in the plane and the plane without Xiang Sixing plane symmetry, resulting in universal template, interchangeability poor. To reduce the template volume, would not be interchangeable part of the core tube into an independent water, the water in each of the template of the principle of equal allocation to the middle of the axis for the sub-boundary layer is divided into the standard Ⅰ, Ⅱ two of water to the common parts of the template can be used turnover. Does not have interchangeability of the template, take the template at each branch transfers.
2, template installation
Template installation programme is as follows: ① wall template, the lift-shaft were selected overall-the template for all-steel shaft and enhance the expansion mode; ② floor at the end-use in-situ support, as early as the first demolition, wood keel, plywood scattered demolition-mode programme; ③ Entrance doors and windows used to design, production of modular templates, borders-leng stereotypes angle for a corner, Yam Kok Kuaichai device configuration, the use of good effect, the removal of convenience, the turnover is quick, vertical hole doors
1
and windows, Founder; ④ to ensure that any progress Sides strength and stiffness in the lateral sides, on both sides of the increase in one-leng, so that still vertical side panels, the formation, not warp; ⑤ joint transitional zone of the external walls of rooms used for decorative lines of approach, That is, in the template and 150 mm high on the plate, under the 7 mm thick, 10 cm wide around (but must be consistent with the level) of the rubber, from top to bottom with glue Nianshang to ensure that the sealed and not leaking slurry, Chaimo have left a Rules of the decorative lines; ⑥ the template node negative angle-angle hook bolt used to ensure the stability of the Yam Kok, Founder; ⑦ the template-angle intersection nodes use the template of the natural structure enclosed by 45 ° cable-stayed bearings, connecting the two Templates, not leaking slurry to ensure that the purpose of Founder Yang Kok.
To achieve the water quality of concrete results, particularly the strengthening of the template of plywood construction management is particularly important. Template to be installed in strict accordance with the template assembly plans, checkmark attendance, the use of sentinel. Chaimo, according to the inverted order of support, to protect the board, is prohibited forced smashing, pry template, after the demolition of time cleaning up and repairing damage in the template, after passing the examination by the isolation
four, concrete work
1, concrete preparation of Tushua standby.
Concrete water to the same color, requires the use of the same material. Cement manufacturers should use, labeling, and the stability of the same species, and intensity of good cement; gravel also provides optional should be qualified; admixture not only to meet the requirements of
concrete construction, but should be conducive to improving the inherent quality and concrete Look. Concrete should be allocated sampling test, according to trial, with a mix construction, strictly control the slump. 2, concrete pouring chopped
Concrete pouring chopped ago to carry out clean-up within the template, clean water after the wet before pouring, vibrated to the correct way. Walls and columns to the roots of pouring concrete in the mortar ingredients with the same cement mortar, pouring at the top of the stone by adding appropriate wash, so we ensure that the roots, the strength of concrete at the top, will enable uniform material.
Stir to a uniform, the time to ensure that, vibrated to dense and not leaking slurry. The mass concrete wall and, using natural flows, in accordance with the "one slope, pouring TLC, promoting the order, once the top" 16-character principle. Located on the slope, according to vibrated with the vibration of the layout of the discharge point, the foot of the slope and central vibrated dense, with the direction of vibration to move forward to ensure that the quality of concrete pouring, the unloading of more than 3 m, then used string Extinguishers or chute. 3, concrete curing
Concrete early conservation, should send staff for so that the concrete in a moist state, conservation of time should be able to meet the growth and strength of hardening concrete needs, so that concrete strength to meet the design requirements.
five, finished protection
Forming concrete pouring, if not to protect vulnerable to damage Kok Yin and Yang, a direct impact on water quality of the appearance of concrete, at the same time, switch boxes for holes, from top to bottom to protect the water pipes also indirectly affect the perception of plain
concrete results, so take the following Measures to protect the finished product:
1, the main structure, openings, corner bay w indows are used 2 cm × 4cm the lath, composed of Yang Kok, for in-Kok, the use of lead Sizha jail, staircases still used Puban protection.
2, wire switch boxes covered with iron sheet sealing the wall for a foam-covered plate, surrounded by plastic panels in the paper paste. 3, from top to bottom with water pipes wrapped Shui Nidai, wire Bangzha sealed. Board for less than 20 cm hole in the first with a brick, mud Zaima water, larger than 20 cm by wooden boards cover.
six. Conclusion
The project by the relevant departments of quality supervision and management experts assessed the scene, reaching the main concrete structure of the water quality requirements.
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