论文英文摘要常用句型(汇编)

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文献摘要写作常用句型

摘要写作常用句型一、研究目的In order toForThe aim is二、研究对象Sth was studiedSths were studied [at some place for some time ]三、研究方法By using certain method, A was (determined/detected/tested/examined………)Certain method was used to (determine/detect/assess/assay/estimate/evaluate…….) Analysis of variance=ANOV A 方差分析One-way ANOV A 单因素方差分析（因变量1个）Two-way ANOV A 两因素方差分析（因变量2个）Univariate 单元方差分析（应变量1个）Multivariate 多元方差分析（应变量多个）Regression 回归（分析）Correlation 相关（分析）Covariate 协变量Coefficient 系数四、研究结果was/were/is /are……..prove……..indicateThe result(s) show that………reflectdemonstrateThe data (did not) support that……..the hypothesis that ………有关量的结果The minimumThe maximum amount of A was…….The largestThe mean value of A was……A ranged from x to yA was in the range x to y[A= the content/concentration/…. of B]有关关系的结果1)定性关系因果关系A lead to/cause/bring about/ result in/result from/……B.A affected BA did not affect BA had (great) effect on B.A exerted ( a strong) influence on .There was (week) interaction between A and B.2）半定量关系A was related to B.A increased with B/time/ increase of B\A declined/ with increase of B3）定量关系A was (highly/linearly) correlated with B.A had positive/negative linear correlation with B.A was significantly different from B.A differed significantly from B.A was significantly larger/higher/lower than B.A andB were significantly different.The difference between A and B was (not) significant. X was in the order of A>B>C.Introduction 的结构1.B ackground2.T he progress of the studies3.T he problem need to resolve4.W hat the author want to do。

英语学术论文常用句型总结版

英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。

6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。

7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。

9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。

论文英文摘要常用句型

学论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。

用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。

结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。

（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。

2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。

3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。

（2）常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。

B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report…本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。

C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective）of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal（aim）of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied…为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study…为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。

英文摘要常见句型

英文摘要常见句型1）This paper deals with...2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...3）This eassy presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ...8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up to date information on...12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes...16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...摘要题型写作要点：① 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。

摘要常用句型及其翻译

摘要常用句型及其翻译四、摘要常用句型（Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts）论文摘要作为一种比较严肃的文本，在内容的安排上有一定的规律，结构有比较固定的格式。

例如温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）是撰写医学英语论文摘要的基本格式，撰写其他研究领域的英语论文摘要时也可以参照。

█Basic Sentence PatternsPart I To state the purpose of the experimentsIt is the purpose of this article to …The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to …The objectives of this study were to …This report is intended to …In this study, an attempt w as made to …In order to exploreevaluatecompareinvestigate…, we/the authorsanalyzedstudiedperformedsurveyedin/among…Part ⅡTo state the background of the experimentsWe/The authors have confirmed the previous observation that …It has been reported that …Previous studies have shown that …… has/have been associated with …A few comparisons have been made between… and …Part ⅢTo state the methods of the experiments… was/were isolated…analyzedmeasuredby using…… was/were investigateddiagnosedperformedby the method of/the use of/measurement of… /with the… test/by… techniquesUsing…, we demonstrated…Using…, we found that…A recent Study by X showsindicatesdemonstratesprovesprovides information concerning…that…Part ⅣTo state the re sults of the experimentsIt was found that …… failed to show…… was/were significantly associated with/related to/correlated with…… was/were in inverse proportion to…directly proportional to…There was no strong/inverse relationship between… and…associationcorrelationThe results showed/revealed/indicated/presented that…The detailsresultsof… are presented.Part V To state the discussion and conclusion We suggest/believe/conclude/recommend that…We propose… to do …Our/These/The resultsfindingsobservationsdataresearchinvestigationsindicate that…demonstrate that…prove that…support that…provide information concerning…It is suggested/recommended/advised…On the basis of… we conclude that…From these results, it is concluded that…Recent research indicates that…六、摘要英译（Abstract Translation）在翻译英文摘要时，有以下几个问题应加以注意。

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。

摘要--常见句型

常见的摘要句型有： 1）This paper deals with…… 2）This article focuses on the topics of （that，having，etc）…… 3）This eassy presents knowledge that…… 4）This thesis discusses…… 5）This thesis analyzes…… 6）This paper provides an overview of…… 7）This paper elaborates on …… 8）This article gives an overview of…… 9）This article compares……and summarizes key findings. 10）This paper includes discussions concerning…… 11）This paper presents up to date information on…… 12）This article covers the role of chemicals in…… 13）This paper addresses important topics including…… 14）This paper touches upon…… 15）This paper strongly emphasizes…… 16）This eassy represents the preceedings of …… 17）This article not only describes……but also suggests…… 18）This paper considers…… 19）This paper provides a method of …… 20）This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze…… 21）This paper offers the latest information regarding…… 22）This paper is devoted to examining the role of…… 23）This article explores…… 24）This paper expresses views on…… 25）This paper reflects the state of the art in…… 26）This paper explains the procedures for…… 27）This paper develops the theory of …… 28）This article reviews the techniques used in…… 29）This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to…… 30）This article is about…… 31）This eassy is related to …… 32）This paper concerns…… 33）This paper gives an account of …… 34）This article tells of…… 35）This paper tries to describe…… 36）This paper provides an analysis of …… 37）This paper reports the latest information on …… 38）The author of this article reviews…… 39）The writer of this paper discusses…… 40）The writer of this eassy tries to explore…… 41）The aim of this paper is to determine…… 42）The purpose of this article is to review…… 43）The objective of this paper is to explore…… 破题⽤语，⼀般有： ①The author of this article reviews （or： discusses，describes，summarizes，examines）something…… ②This article reviews （or：reports，tells of，is about，concerns）something……。

0303-英语论文“摘要”的开头短语和句型

英语论文“摘要”的开头短语和句型1) This paper (article/thesis) presents (shows/expresses) …本文提出。

2) This paper (article) discusses (studies, concerns, deals with, tells of ) … 本文讨论（研究）。

3) This paper (article) introduces (reports, explains, analyses, emphasizes, summarizes) … 本文介绍（报告、解释、分析、强调、总结）。

4）This paper (article) argues (demonstrates) …本文论述（论证）。

5）This paper(article) explores (probes into) …本文探讨。

6）This paper(article) elaborates on (expounds) …本文详述（阐明）。

7）This paper includes(covers, touches on) …本文包括（涉及）。

8）This paper aims to (aims at) …本文旨在。

9）This paper focuses on…本文集中研究。

10）This paper tries(attempts) to (makes an attempt to ) …本文试图。

11）This paper makes a comparison of (makes a tentative study, makes a brief introduction to) …本文对。

作了比较（作了尝试性研究，作了简介）12）This paper offers(gives) a discussion of (an overview of , an analysis of) …本文探讨（综述、分析）。

英文摘要常见句型

Sentence patterns of abstract1.general situation(1)something has a long history, and now it has become…(2)in the past years, something …(3)recently, …2.focus(1)In this paper【example】The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented.对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对(2)(3)【example】The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。

(4)(5)【example】The present study has been carried out with a view to determine the feasibility of a recently suggested scheme for the economical detection and analysis of ultra-high energy cosmic shower.研究旨在确定最近推荐的一种对超高能量宇宙射线簇进行经济探测分析可行性的方案。

论文英语摘要常用句式

1 常用句式（1）研究范围（to be）carried out performed made conducted(to be) studied investigated (to be) describeddeal with elucidated givenpresented developed employedderived prepared synthesizedmonitored determined measuredobserved recorded examinedcharacterized identified testedcalculated proposed used to studyused to establish evaluated discussed(2) 实验要点（to be）prepared by the reaction of … with …synthesized via reacting obtained via condensationby means of by usingby the use of using … as …over a wide range of …over a broad composition range over most of the range of …over the entire … range covered the ranges from … to …in the range of …in the temperature range from … to …with a variety of … contents containing … percent or more …in the presence of …in the absence of …（3）主要结果主动语态（或被动语态）的表达形式（见上例）用That 从句表示实验结果The results indicated that …The results show that …The results demonstrated that …The results reveal that …由It 引起的that 从句It was shown that …It can be seen that …It was found that …It wa s discovered that …It was concluded that …It has been demonstrated that …It was clarified that …It was revealed that …It is considered that …It was confirmed that …It is suggested that …It was supposed that …It has become appare nt that …以… to be 后的表语成分表示测定、计算等的结果The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x106 cm3 mol-1s-1.The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.表示具有某种影响，以及数量的依赖、增减关系… 与… 有关… （to be）correlated with …associated with …related to …dependent upon …independent of …in relation to …in a linear relationship with …proportional to …inversely proportional to …… depends on …The dependence of … on …… increase with the increase of …… decrease with the increase of …（不）相符的表示方法… (to be) in good agreement with… (to be) found to agree well with …… (to be) consistent with …… (to be) essentially identical with …… (to be) found to coincide essentially with …… (to be) closely analogous to …… (to be) similar to …Good agreement (to be) found between …… (to be) contrary to …… (to be) in contrast with …（4）结果解释（结论）… (to be) due to … (to be) attributed to …(may be) … (to be) assigned to …… (to be) interpreted on the basis of …… can be caused by …… may be explained by …… originate in …… (to be) discussed in terms of …。

SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总

SCI论文写作常用精彩句式汇总1.引言句:- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid advancement of technology, there is an increasing need for...- The issue of... has attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry.2.概括句:- In summary, it can be concluded that...- Overall, the findings suggest that...- Taken together, these results indicate that...3.解释原因句:- This can be attributed to...- The main factor contributing to... is...- The reason for this phenomenon can be explained by...4.分析结果句:- The results imply that...- It is evident from the data that...- The findings provide insight into...5.提出观点句:- It is worth noting that...- It can be argued that...6.强调句:- Importantly,...- Of particular significance is...- An important aspect to consider is...7.限定句:- However,...- Nevertheless,...- On the other hand,...8.总结句:- In conclusion, it is clear that...- To sum up,...- Therefore, it can be inferred that...9.建议句:- One possible solution to address this issue is... - It is advisable to...10.进一步研究句:- Future research should focus on...- There is a need for further investigation into...- It would be interesting to explore...注意，在写作过程中，应根据具体情况选择合适的句式，并结合适当的过渡词来使论文内容具有连贯性和逻辑性。

英文摘要常用短语（优秀范文五篇）

英文摘要常用短语（优秀范文五篇）第一篇：英文摘要常用短语英文摘要常用短语1.由。

合成了…………was synthesised from。

……has been synthesised starting from the。

in +steps and inoverall yield.2.考察了。

对****反应的影响The effect of。

on****was(were)examined.3.最佳反应条件为：The optimium reaction condition were(found)as follow:反应时间reaction time温度temperature真空度vacuum dree4.以。

为催化剂With。

as catalyst.5.收率高达？%The reaction yield was up to ？%6.产物结构经红外光谱证实。

The structure of product was ident ified by IR….The product was charavterized by IR and 1H NMR.7.。

and ……的关系曲线Relation Curve betweenand8.。

对…..的影响Effect of。

on….第二篇：优秀英文短语先进的词汇1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译 let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national现译 draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work;work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture;socialist culture with Chinese appeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。

论文的英文摘要范文

论文的英文摘要范文
1.Background(背景)∶介绍论文研究的背景，描述前者研究存在哪些问题，为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。

2.Method(方法)︰介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法，需要注意的是∶因为摘要字数有限，所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可，不要花太多篇幅介绍。

3.Results(结果)∶这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果，如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。

4.Conclusion(结论)∶论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。

Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。

其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文，也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。

所以，摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。

说完了Abstract的主要写作内容之后，那么我们来看看好的摘要到底该怎么写:
这里EasyEssay告诉大家一个写摘要的'万能模板——PARI。

对于留学新生们来说特别适用，当大家在国外写英文论文多了之后就会有自己的写作方法，但是在不会写之前，可以先参考一下下面这个写作方法︰
PARI摘要写作方法∶
P=Problem:提出文章需要解决哪些问题
A=Approach:解决提出的问题是用的什么方法
R=Results:解决了提出的问题之后得到了什么结果l=lmpacts:这些结果有什么具体或者实际的影响。

医学论文英文摘要部分的常用句型

01
Sleep disorder heredity
02
hormone level receptor levels
03
Sleep disorder is related to heredity, hormone level, central neurotransmitter and receptor levels, etc. By exploring the basic and clinical research of sleep and sleep disorder, this paper aims to study its causes and prevention and treatment.
Results: Delivery pain was markedly relieved in the laughing gas group; mild adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness were reported in individual patients, but they subsided with(消失) the discontinuation of laughing gas inhalation.
疗效好：good therapeutic/curative effect
5）研究结果的表达
01
结果表明：The result showed that…
03
我们观察到：It was observed that/ we observed that…
02
（我们）发现：It was found that …/we found that…
摘要部分的常用句型

英文摘要常用句型集

Group Eight:
It is known that…我们、大家知道……
It is well known that…众所周之……
It is said that…人们说,据说……
It is reported that …据报道……
It is believed that …据信……
It can be seen that …可以看出……
the graph/plot of the dependence of A on B
the graph/plot of the variation of A with B
4、这个理论来源于……
The theory comes/stems/emerges/originates from …
The theory is obtained/provided/furnished from …
2、已知……,我们就能求出……
Given …, we can find out …
Knowing …, we can find out …
3、现有的数据
the data available
the data we have/possess
the existing data
the current data
A comparison of A with/and B shows that…
4、我们必须……
It is necessary for us to do …
We must do …
5、我们能够……
It is possible for us to do …
We can do …
We are able to do …
These data enable us/lead us to conclude that …

英文论文摘要参考词汇和句型

5. This paper is devoted to assessment of…
6. This paper is concerned with the analysis of…
7. This article looks at…
8. This paper presents a mathematical model of a circuit breaker with random variation of parameters.
英文论文摘要参考词汇和句型
摘要层次
常用的词汇和句型
课题
consider, discuss, investigate, study, etc.
1. This article discusses the reasons for… and offers an insight into…
2. This paper analyzes some important characteristics of…
3. Recommendations are made regarding…
4. Suggestions were made for further study of…
5. The author proposes an approach to…
1. It is shown that…
2. Studies have shown that…
3. New evidence indicates that…
4. In this paper, the authors show how…
5. In this paper, it is demonstrated that…
1. One of the purposes of this study is …

论文摘要中的英语句型

英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem anda detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the followingsections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。

(完整word版)写英文摘要常用句型

1.句型归纳扩展1.1 总述文章的论点及研究内容1）This paper is mainly devoted to an automatic frequency tuning system which is one of the most important parts of the buncher.本文主要研究频率自动调谐系统，这是聚束器最重要的组成部分之一。

2）This study investigates/ discusses/ examines/ reviews/ outlines/ presents/ reports/ surveys/ measures the fitting of a class of generalized proportional hazards models, termed linear transformation models, to interval-censored data.本研究调查（探讨、审查、复查、简述、呈现、报道、观察、测量）了一种广义比例风险模型，线性变换模型和区间截断数据的关系。

3）In this paper we focus on the classification of colour texture images.本文中我们着眼于彩色纹理图像的分类。

4）This paper deals with the history of the use of hydrogen as a combustible or shielding gas in welding.本文研究焊接中使用的氢气作为易燃保护气体的历史。

5）In this paper，mathematical models for calculation and prediction of melting rate in arc welding with a triple-wire electrode are described.本文描述了计算和预测三丝电极弧焊接融化率的数学模型。

论文总结句英文(共4篇)

在介绍部分的最后，我们有时还需要去说明论文整体的叙述结构。

◆ The first section of this paper will examine…◆ This paper begins by …◆ It will then go on to …◆ My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.◆ The essay has been organised in the following way.更多例句参见下表：Body是论文的主体部分，在具体内容方面我们没有通用的句型，不过几个固定部分我们还是可以借鉴的：论文总结句英文第2篇在描述研究方法时，我们有时会需要说明某种方法的优劣，我们为什么选择它。

◆ A major advantage of X is that …◆ The benefit of this approach is that …◆ X based methods provide a means of …◆ X was selected for its reliability and validity.更多例句参见下表：有时候我们可能会用到问卷设计，需要对问卷进行说明。

◆ Seven questions, adapted from X, assessed …◆ All survey questions utilised a 5-point Likert scale.◆ Using a 5-point Likert scale, participants were asked …更多例句参见下表：最后，我们可以适当展望一下未来，对进一步的研究提出建议。

◆ The question raised by this study is …◆ The study should be repeated using …◆ This would be a fruitful area for further work.◆ A natural progression of this work is to analyse …更多例句参见下表：好了，上面就是一些我们在论文写作中可以用到的句型，大家可以根据需要使用。

摘要常用语

This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…，The result shows (reveals) that…， It is found that…， The conclusions are…， The author suggests that…．（ 1 ）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is……（ 2 ）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied…（3 ）表示研究的结果： The result showed/It proved/The authors found that…（ 4 ）表示结论、观点或建议：The authors suggest/conclude/consider that…。

英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key findings.20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including...24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ...26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ...28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语，对文献检索有重要作用。

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学术论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。

用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。

结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。

（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。

2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。

3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。

（2）常用句型1)表达论文主题内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。

3)表达方法的常用句型A 方法表达研究类型Prospective, Retrospective, Cohort，Case-control，in vivo, in vitro①Using…(technique)，we studied…我们用…(技术)研究了…②Using…，it was found that…(我们)用…发现了…③…was(were)measured using…(我们)用…测定了…④…was(were)analyzed （reviewed）by…(我们)用…分析（回顾）了…⑤…was(were)treated with…(我们)用…治疗了…⑥…measurements were made of…测定了…常用的动词还有：study，measure，determine，investigate，isolate，demonstrate，examine，identify等。

B 分组（主语通常为patients，subjects，animals）⑦…were randomly divided （grouped）into…groups …被随机分成…组⑧…were separated into…groups based on…根据…，将…分成…组⑨The groups were as follows：分组如下：C 治疗或检查方法⑩…was performed（used）in (on)…patients 我们对…患者施行（应用）了…(patients) underwent…endoscopy (患者)进行了…内镜检查Surgical procedures, assay(immunohistochemistry, molecular biology…) 手术方法，测试方法…C 统计学方法Statistical methods: Student’s t test, χ2 … was used for4)表达结果的常用句型A 一般句型①The results showed （demonstrated）that…结果表明…②It was found that…(我们)发现…③It was observed that…(我们)观察到…第②和③句也可改为第一人称：We found that…和We observed that…。

B 增加或减少④…decreased by(40％)…降低(40％)…⑤…(a 70％) reduction in…was observed …观察到…降低(70％)⑥There was a(15％) elevation in……增高(15％)⑦…resulted in (a marked) increase in……导致…(明显)增高⑧…was lowered from…to……从…下降到…表达增加或减少的常用动词还有rise，raise，decline，drop，fall，lower等。

可用by表示是净增减的数或倍数，例如“…increase by 40％”，表示“增加40％”；而to表示增加或减少到某个具体数值。

C 相关与差别⑨There was a significant linear correlation between…and……与…有显著的线性相关性⑩…showed no strong correlation between…and……显示…与…无密切相关性⑩…correlated positively with……与…呈正相关⑥A negative correlation was found between…and…发现…与…呈负相关⑩There was （were）（no）significant difference（s）or （No）significant difference（s）was found（observed）between…and……与…之间…（无）有显著差别P value P值（需写出具体数字）⑩…was closely related to……与…密切相关表示相互关系的常用词还有relationship(关系)，association(联系)，regression(回归)。

D 表示改善或保持⑩…demonstrated a significant improvement in……方面呈明显改善⑩…values returned to (preoperative)levels …值恢复到(手术前)水平⑩…remained at a mean of……保持在…平均值水平5)表达结论的常用句型A 常用提示句型①These results suggest that…结果提示…②These findings indicate that…这些发现表明…③The data （study）show the need for…数据（研究）表明需要…④The results support the concept that…结果支持…的概念⑤Our observations confirm that…我们的观察证实…imply(提示)，demonstrate(证明)和illustrate(说明)B 做出结论或建议⑥We conclude that…我们的结论是…⑦We suggest that…我们建议…⑧We believe that…我们认为…⑨We postulate that…我们设想…⑩It is concluded that…结论是…⑩It is suggested （proposed）that…结果提示…，建议…（虚拟语气）⑥It is recommended that…建议…⑩It is estimated that…估计……is(are)suggested(recommended)…propose …asC 表示一致性⑩These results accord with…结果与…一致⑩The results are concordant with…结果与…一致⑧The results agree well with…结果与…一致be consistent with，in accordance with(…与…一致)to parallel(与…相平行)D 结果转向结论⑥Thus，therefore，hence …因此，…⑥In conclusion．…最后，…⑩From this study，we conclude that…根据本项研究，我们的结论是…⑧These findings，coupled with the observation that…，suggest that…这些发现连同对…的观察结果一起，提示…⑨In the light of this experience we therefore conclude that…根据这个经验，我们得出…的结论E 表达今后方向The mechanisms by which…remain to be investigated关于…的机制仍需研究Further studies are necessary to (evaluate)…有必要进一步研究，以(评价)…。