托福综合写作课件

无结构
无关系 漏观点
L
R
M 1. Ex 2. Ex 3. Ex:
M 1. Ex 2. Ex 3. Ex:
பைடு நூலகம்
Reading
以词为单位
R
M: hyd FC promis/ alter M: advan 1. 1. hyd ava/renew Ex: Ex: 多—gas/
2. solve pollu Ex: H2O—produ no CO2 3. ￥/ Ex: effici/ 少 ener
听力 题材不确定 电脑打字
综合写作难点
• 1)这种题型在国内极为少见，考生对这种题型几乎没有什 么实战经验，且与此相关的参考资料相对较少，使很多刚 接触新托福的考生感到无所适从; • 2)由于读、听两个输入环节与写这个输出环节紧密相连， 无论前面哪一个环节出现了障碍，都会影响到下面的写作 环节。而听力对大多数中国考生来说又都是弱项; • 3)尽管这种题型阅读部分难度不大，但阅读材料在写作时 的再现，会导致一些写作能力差的考生照搬原文，而不能 用自己的语言完成答题，最后导致分数过低。
综合写作2分标准
• 大段照抄阅读内容；
• 听力内容有要点以及细节，但如果漏掉 （或写错）两个要点得2分； • 阅读与听力之间的关系没有阐述清楚； • 阐述自己观点； • 语言上出现了较多错误。
综合写作1分标准
• 写了听力和阅读内容中的只言片语。
综合写作0分标准
• 写的不是英文； • 写的不是正常人类能够看懂的字符； • 写的内容跟阅读和听力完全没有关系。
L
2. Ex: 3. Ex:
Reading
以词为单位 够用即可 观点是重点
R
M: hyd FC promis/ alter M: advan 1. 1. hyd available/renew Ex: Ex: plenti—gas/
2. solve pollu Ex: H2O—produ no CO2 3. economi/ Ex: effici/ less energy
2. solve pollu Ex: water—produ no CO2 3. economi/ Ex: effici/ less energy
2. not solve probl-cars produ hyd—pollut Ex: coal/oil burn –pollut – factory—pollut 3. expensi Ex: made of p—expen effort—repla—not success
Note:考生在复述所听资料与所读资料的关系时，要用
不同的语言和方式，不能大段摘抄原文材料，否则会被 认为是剽窃。
综合写作评分要求
• 1）在20分钟内完成一篇短文，ETS建议考生的写作 长度是150～225词； • 2)阅卷者将根据考生所写文章内容的准确性和完整 性以及遣词造句水平的高低给分; • 3)充分理解题目的要求，找出阅读短文以及听力材 料中的主要信息，包括隐含信息，以及这两个材料 中信息的相关性;
Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject. First, in 1882, several decades after Austen's death, Austen's family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austen's family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen. Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra's sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austen's face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, and overall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait. Third, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when JaneAusten was the age of the girl in the painting.
L
2. Ex: 3. Ex:
Listening
以词为单位 尽可能详细 例子和解释是重点
R
L
M: hyd FC promis/ alter M: hyd not solut to pollut 1. not easily avail advan Ex: liquor state—difficult 1. hyd available/renew store—cooling Ex: plenti—gas/ not practi
使用语言的目的是获取所涉及学科的信息，以利 于学生更好地完成在北美大学的学业。 综合写作旨在考核考生通过写作来对所读到的 和听到的学术信息进行交流的能力。
综合写作考试流程
• 1) 考生用 3 分钟左右的时间阅读一篇 230 ～ 300 词的短 文。文章内容是学术性的，主题比较单一，难度中等。 结构布局具有条理性。阅读时应试者可以做笔记。由 于速度不是很快，考生一般应有充分的时间归纳文章 的主旨大意，既可为后面的听力部分做出一些预测， 也可为听完后的写作积累素材。注意这一部分要带着 耳机看阅读材料，因为三分钟结束时没有提示戴耳机 的步骤，直接就开始放听力了。
Summary
Comparison
结构式笔记
Structured Notes
Team responsible for plan/ get work done free-ride people not do much—recognition Real contribution—not recognized attitude opporeading not move quick take long – consensus many meets the other
Integrated Writing
综合写作
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综合写作--Integrated task based on what is read and heard。
综合写作题目内容一般是学术性的，通常涉及课堂、 讲座、师生对话等教学活动。具体讲，考生先读一 段资料，然后听一段与所读资料相关的讲座，写作 时，考生需要联系所听资料与所读资料以复述的方 式将其描述出来，但是要用不同的语言和方式，否 则会被认为是剽窃。
综合写作评分要求
• 4)对每一条主要信息，考生最好能提供一定的细 节或事实来支持它; • 5)文章不要求应试者表达自己的观点，只要求应 试者用自己的语言全面而准确地再现阅读、听力 材料中的主要信息。必要的时候，可引用原文中 的内容，但只能意译，不能生搬硬抄，否则会有 剽窃嫌疑。
综合写作5分标准
• 阅读内容准确把握要点； • 听力内容准确把握要点以及细节； • 阅读与听力之间的关系阐述清楚；
综合写作考试流程
• 2)3 分钟后阅读文章隐去，进入听力部分。屏幕上将 出现老师在讲课的照片，注意不要尝试在照片上找什 么线索，考生可以在耳机中听到一段讲课录音，其内 容是从不同的视角对同一学术话题的讨论，长度为 250 ～ 300 个单词，时间约为 1 分半钟。由此可见，听 力的语速是比较快的。在听录音的过程中，要凭借自 己的记忆力，并通过笔记记录下听到的主要内容，以 帮助答题。
综合写作听力
• 用缩写表示名词概念、动词、部分形容词 • 用符号替代逻辑关系 • 结构：1、2、3
• 因果：→
• 转折
• 增加或减少
• 大于或小于
The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two. The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rigs and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters' resistance to life-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths. Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales. Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.
• 可以容忍一些语言上的不至于影响理 解的小错误。
综合写作4分标准
• 阅读内容准确把握要点，但若大段抄阅读 内容则会扣分；
• 听力内容准确把握要点，但如果细节遗漏 （或写错）得4分； • 阅读与听力之间的关系阐述或有不清楚之 处； • 语言上出现了影响理解文章的某些严重错 误。
综合写作3分标准
• 阅读内容把握要点，但若大段照抄阅读内 容则会扣分； • 听力内容漏掉（或写错）一个要点直接得3 分； • 阅读与听力之间的关系阐述不清或有错； • 语言上出现了较多错误以至于影响理解。
综合写作考试流程
• 3)听力篇章结束后，考生有20分钟的时间归纳、组织和回 答问题。在 20 分钟内完成一篇短文， ETS建议考生的写作 长度是 150～ 225词 ;写作过程中，隐去的文章会重现，考 生可以阅读、参考。此外，写作要求也会出现在屏幕上。 屏幕上的时钟开始计时。考生最后要以连贯而有逻辑的方 式对听力段落中的主要观点进行概括，并且解释听力段落 中的这些观点是如何与阅读段落中的观点相关联的。