英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译41页PPT

Diction
Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
Each word when used in a new context is a new word.
Newmark:
The chief difficulties in translation are lexical, not grammatical, that is, words, collocation and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and “unfindable” words. Difficulties with words are of two kinds: a. you do not understand them; b. you find them hard to translate.
3．Judging from the Collocation
“ …who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child,
a good wife or a good husband…”
Biblioteka Baidu
--Vanity Fair
虔诚的教徒 a faithful Christian
慈爱的父母 a loving parent
孝顺的儿女 a obedient child
贤良的妻子 a virtuous wife
尽职的丈夫 a dutiful husband
Judging from the Collocation
delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate living delicate health delicate stomach delicate vase delicate diplomatic question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate food delicate features
Words without Equivalents
Teenager Clock-watcher A throwaway society
1. Determine whether the meaning is commendatory, neutral or derogatory
(1) I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years.
(2) The domineering ambition of Hitler’s Germany was not satisfied.
2．Judging from the part of speech
He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） He does not look like his brother. 他看起来不像他兄弟。（介词） Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。（名词） We will never see his like again. 我们再也见不到他那样的人了。（名词） Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。（形容词） The teacher cannot cite a like instance. 老师一时举不出类似的例子。（形容词）
Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for them.
Word-for-word Correspondence
Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿司匹林 H-beam = 工字梁 o-ring = 环形圈 u-steel = 槽钢 v-belt = 三角皮带 x-brace = 交叉支撑 y-curve = 叉形曲线
The fact is that while without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. (Wilkins 1972:11)
翻译的基本单位不是词语这一层面，但是， 透彻理解原文词语的含义并用准确的译文 词语表达出来则是翻译的核心工作之一。
社长、校长
(2). Winds / red flower / green willow
G. Leech’s seven types of meaning in Semantics:
conceptual meaning connotative meaning social meaning affective meaning reflected meaning collocative meaning thematic meaning
4. Judging from the style of expression and affective difference
(1). Wife 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、
堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆、家里的 Potato 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋 President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、