直译和意译 英语翻译相关
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• In wine there is truth. 酒后吐真言。
• （ 3）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使
译文显得通顺自然。
• 例如： • 1) “Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings:
happy and drunk.
• 你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。
seriously ambiguous；
• 5）a corresponding TL form will conflict with the
sociolinguistic norm of the TL in style, communicative modes, etc.
• 4）主要有以下几种情况需要意译：
• B. be faithful to the form of the original work;
• It is of less importance for translators to maintain a
smooth TL form;
• 鲁迅： rather to be faithful (in thought) than
• 参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，
要求在发展外交政策上合作。
• 3) In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card
by calling a surprise witness.
• 在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌——
请出一位意想不到的证人。(杀手锏)
家人朋友分享爱的时刻。
to show one’s cards 摊牌
• shuttle diplomacy • 穿梭外交 • a gentleman’s agreement • 君子协定 • to strike somebody when he is unprepared • 攻其不备 • Soon got, soon gone. • 来得容易，去得快。 • Speech is silver, silence is golden. • 雄辩是银，沉默是金。
•
• 2) I'll always remember Thanksgivings as the times we
ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends.
• 我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与
• 3）When should we depend on 直译法 ? • （1） Common civilization core, 某些习语和短
语的翻译 ,例如：
• cold war 冷战 • hot line 热线 • hot girls in cool suit, spicy girl 辣妹 • Hot-selling books 热销书/畅销书 • black market 黑市 • pillar industry 支柱产业 • Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水
胆小如鼠 一箭之遥 湿如落汤鸡 蠢得像猪 犟得像牛 缘木求鱼 守口如瓶
• lead a dog‘s life • 过着牛马一样的生活
• cry up wine and sell vinegar • 挂羊头，卖狗肉
• put back the clock • 开倒车
• talk horse • 吹牛
• 节奏感，正义感，羞耻感，幽默感， • A sense of rhythm, A sense of justice, A sense
of shame, A sense of humor,
• 无助感，方向感，紧迫感，归属感 • A sense of hopelessness, A sense of direction,
• 第三位忠于原文形式 • John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. • 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
• 例证分析 •三口之家 nuclear family • 三世同堂 the extended family with three
generations under the same roof.
• 爸爸，感谢您对我们的爱，你的辛勤工作让我
和妈妈衣食无忧。
• Dear dad, thank you for your affection on us, your
hard work always keeps bread on the table and roof over our head.
• kill the goose that lays the golden eggs • 杀鸡取卵
• drink like a fish • 牛饮
• Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a
parson.
• 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
• Last night I heard him driving his pigs into
• 二、意译法 free translation
• 1）意译(归化法)指只忠实原文内容，不拘泥原文结
构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。信息的传递为第一位。
• 第一位忠于原文内容 • 第二位通顺的译文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，
力求使译文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格 特征等方面尽可能符合译语读者的阅读习惯和审美心 理。通用、联用、惯用
• 1．包含典故的文化习语： • 英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照
汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。例 如：
• (1)Two heads are better than one.
• (2)你不要班门弄斧了. • Remain modest before an authority. • Don’t display your axe at Lu Ban’s door. • 联想对应Don’t teach a fish how to swim. • Don’t teach your grandmother how to suck eggs.
faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator.
• 2) literal translation & word-for-word translation • 3) literal translation & 队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去
那鳄鱼的眼泪。
• 2) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today
extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.
•bread-winner
• 2） Features of free translation
• A. be faithful to the original ideological content. • B. to make the TL form as smooth as possible
• 3） 使用意译的五个条件：
(一)Literal translation, free translation
• 1） Literal translation直译
• 直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内
容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法.
• 第一位：忠于原文内容； • 第二位：忠于原文形式要求在保持原文内容
smooth (in language).宁信而不顺
• 【赵景琛：rather to be smooth (in language) than
faithful (in thought).宁顺而不信】
• 注意 • 1) A qualified translation must be not only
• 由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原
文结构和语义，在这种情况下，就得借助意译。奈 达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式，
• 1）literal trans will cause misunderstanding； • 2）an adopted expression has not taken root in the TL
• （2）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语
等,直译可以丰富译语语言。例如：
• 1) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and
every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.
so that the TL readers will offer a free interpretation；
• 3）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version
seriously vague and gloomy；
• 4）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version
• as timid as a hare • at a stone‘s throw • wet like a drown rat • as stupid as a goose • as stubborn as a mule • seek a hare in a hen‘s nest • as dumb as an oyster
Chinese New Year gift.
• 穿新衣 • Put on your Sunday best • 说曹操，曹操就到。 • Talk of the devil and he will appear. • 老马识途。 • Sense comes with age. • 一花独放不是春。 • One swallow does not make a summer.
的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、 句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可 能趋同(无限接近)。
• 第三位：通顺的译文形式。
• 汉译英: 感：sense • 责任感，安全感，自卑感，优越感， • A sense of responsibility , A sense of safety, A
sense of inferiority, A sense of superiority,
• 4）海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 • Bosom friends there are within four seas, even the
remotest regions are like close neighbors
• A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.
A sense of urgency, A sense of belonging
• 2） Features of Literal translation
• A. to be faithful to the original ideological content.
A literal translator makes great efforts to transplant the original word order, sentence structure, etc, in the TL（target language ）.
market.
• 昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。 • 情人眼里出西施.Love is blind. • Love makes the beloved lovely in the love’s eye.
• 收红包 • receive glove money. • Receive a red envelope with some money inside as a
• （ 3）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使
译文显得通顺自然。
• 例如： • 1) “Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings:
happy and drunk.
• 你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。
seriously ambiguous；
• 5）a corresponding TL form will conflict with the
sociolinguistic norm of the TL in style, communicative modes, etc.
• 4）主要有以下几种情况需要意译：
• B. be faithful to the form of the original work;
• It is of less importance for translators to maintain a
smooth TL form;
• 鲁迅： rather to be faithful (in thought) than
• 参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，
要求在发展外交政策上合作。
• 3) In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card
by calling a surprise witness.
• 在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌——
请出一位意想不到的证人。(杀手锏)
家人朋友分享爱的时刻。
to show one’s cards 摊牌
• shuttle diplomacy • 穿梭外交 • a gentleman’s agreement • 君子协定 • to strike somebody when he is unprepared • 攻其不备 • Soon got, soon gone. • 来得容易，去得快。 • Speech is silver, silence is golden. • 雄辩是银，沉默是金。
•
• 2) I'll always remember Thanksgivings as the times we
ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends.
• 我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与
• 3）When should we depend on 直译法 ? • （1） Common civilization core, 某些习语和短
语的翻译 ,例如：
• cold war 冷战 • hot line 热线 • hot girls in cool suit, spicy girl 辣妹 • Hot-selling books 热销书/畅销书 • black market 黑市 • pillar industry 支柱产业 • Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水
胆小如鼠 一箭之遥 湿如落汤鸡 蠢得像猪 犟得像牛 缘木求鱼 守口如瓶
• lead a dog‘s life • 过着牛马一样的生活
• cry up wine and sell vinegar • 挂羊头，卖狗肉
• put back the clock • 开倒车
• talk horse • 吹牛
• 节奏感，正义感，羞耻感，幽默感， • A sense of rhythm, A sense of justice, A sense
of shame, A sense of humor,
• 无助感，方向感，紧迫感，归属感 • A sense of hopelessness, A sense of direction,
• 第三位忠于原文形式 • John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. • 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
• 例证分析 •三口之家 nuclear family • 三世同堂 the extended family with three
generations under the same roof.
• 爸爸，感谢您对我们的爱，你的辛勤工作让我
和妈妈衣食无忧。
• Dear dad, thank you for your affection on us, your
hard work always keeps bread on the table and roof over our head.
• kill the goose that lays the golden eggs • 杀鸡取卵
• drink like a fish • 牛饮
• Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a
parson.
• 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
• Last night I heard him driving his pigs into
• 二、意译法 free translation
• 1）意译(归化法)指只忠实原文内容，不拘泥原文结
构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。信息的传递为第一位。
• 第一位忠于原文内容 • 第二位通顺的译文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，
力求使译文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格 特征等方面尽可能符合译语读者的阅读习惯和审美心 理。通用、联用、惯用
• 1．包含典故的文化习语： • 英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照
汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。例 如：
• (1)Two heads are better than one.
• (2)你不要班门弄斧了. • Remain modest before an authority. • Don’t display your axe at Lu Ban’s door. • 联想对应Don’t teach a fish how to swim. • Don’t teach your grandmother how to suck eggs.
faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator.
• 2) literal translation & word-for-word translation • 3) literal translation & 队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去
那鳄鱼的眼泪。
• 2) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today
extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.
•bread-winner
• 2） Features of free translation
• A. be faithful to the original ideological content. • B. to make the TL form as smooth as possible
• 3） 使用意译的五个条件：
(一)Literal translation, free translation
• 1） Literal translation直译
• 直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内
容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法.
• 第一位：忠于原文内容； • 第二位：忠于原文形式要求在保持原文内容
smooth (in language).宁信而不顺
• 【赵景琛：rather to be smooth (in language) than
faithful (in thought).宁顺而不信】
• 注意 • 1) A qualified translation must be not only
• 由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原
文结构和语义，在这种情况下，就得借助意译。奈 达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式，
• 1）literal trans will cause misunderstanding； • 2）an adopted expression has not taken root in the TL
• （2）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语
等,直译可以丰富译语语言。例如：
• 1) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and
every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.
so that the TL readers will offer a free interpretation；
• 3）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version
seriously vague and gloomy；
• 4）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version
• as timid as a hare • at a stone‘s throw • wet like a drown rat • as stupid as a goose • as stubborn as a mule • seek a hare in a hen‘s nest • as dumb as an oyster
Chinese New Year gift.
• 穿新衣 • Put on your Sunday best • 说曹操，曹操就到。 • Talk of the devil and he will appear. • 老马识途。 • Sense comes with age. • 一花独放不是春。 • One swallow does not make a summer.
的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、 句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可 能趋同(无限接近)。
• 第三位：通顺的译文形式。
• 汉译英: 感：sense • 责任感，安全感，自卑感，优越感， • A sense of responsibility , A sense of safety, A
sense of inferiority, A sense of superiority,
• 4）海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 • Bosom friends there are within four seas, even the
remotest regions are like close neighbors
• A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.
A sense of urgency, A sense of belonging
• 2） Features of Literal translation
• A. to be faithful to the original ideological content.
A literal translator makes great efforts to transplant the original word order, sentence structure, etc, in the TL（target language ）.
market.
• 昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。 • 情人眼里出西施.Love is blind. • Love makes the beloved lovely in the love’s eye.
• 收红包 • receive glove money. • Receive a red envelope with some money inside as a