心内科知识学习_第三篇 第二章 心力衰竭

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Functional classification generally relies on the New York Heart Association functional classification. The classes (I-IV) are: Class I: no limitation is experienced in any activities; there are no symptoms from ordinary activities Class II: slight, mild limitation of activity; the patient is comfortable at rest or with mild exertion Class III: marked limitation of any activity; the patient is comfortable only at rest Class IV: any physical activity brings on discomfort and symptoms occur at rest
第三篇 循环系统疾病
第二章
心力衰竭
(Heart Failure)
定义
心力衰竭(heart failure, HF )是各种心脏结构或功能 性疾病导致心室充盈及(或) 射血能力受损而引起的一组综 合征
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs
6分钟步行试验 评定慢性心衰患者的运动耐力评价心衰严重程 度和疗效 患者在平直走廊里尽快行走,测6分钟步行距 离 US Carvedilol研究设定的标准 重度心衰﹤150m 中度心衰150-450m 轻度心衰﹥450m
基本病因
原发性心肌损害 缺血性 心肌炎和心肌病 代谢障碍
心脏负荷过重 压力(后)负荷过重 高血压、主动脉瓣狭窄、肺动脉高压、肺动脉瓣 狭窄 容量(前)负荷过重 瓣膜关闭不全、分流先心、血容量或循环血量
Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause
Stage A: Patients at high risk for developing HF in the future but no functional or structural heart disorder
Stage B: a structural heart disorder but no symptoms at any stage
类型
左、右、全心衰竭 左心衰竭由左心室代偿功能不全所致,以肺循环淤血为特征 右心衰竭由右心室代偿功能不全所致,以体循环淤血为特征
急性和慢性 急性:短时间内发生或慢性心衰急剧Байду номын сангаас化 慢性;缓慢发展,有代偿机制参与
收缩性和舒张性心力衰竭 收缩性心力衰竭是指心肌收缩力下降,使心排血量不能满足机体 代谢需要,器官、组织血液灌注不足,同时出现肺循环和(或) 体循环淤血的表现 舒张性心力衰竭是指心肌收缩力、心排血量正常,但舒张功能障 碍左室充盈压异常增高,静脉回流受阻,而肺循环淤血
Stage C: previous or current symptoms of heart failure in the context of an underlying structural heart problem, but managed with medical treatment
Stage D: advanced disease requiring hospital-based support, a heart transplant or palliative care
心力衰竭分级(NYHA)
分级 I
功能状态
体力活动不受限制。一般体力活动不引起过度疲劳、心悸、 呼吸困难或心绞痛
II
体力活动轻度受限。休息无症状,一般体力活动即引起上
述症状
III
体力活动明显受限。休息无症状,轻微活动即引起上述症

IV
体力活动能力完全丧失。休息亦有症状,活动时加重
New York Heart Association functional classification
心衰高危因素(﹢)+心脏结构异常(﹢)+心衰症状体征(﹢)
难治性终末期心衰阶段(refractory end-stage heart failure )
严格内科治疗休息仍有症状
In its 2001 guidelines the American College of Cardiology /American Heart Association working group introduced four stages of heart failure
心力衰竭分期
前心衰阶段(Pre-heart failure)
心衰高危因素(﹢)+心脏结构异常(﹣)+心衰症状体征(﹣)
前临床心衰阶段(Pre-clinical heart failure)
心衰高危因素(﹢)+心脏结构异常(﹢)+心衰症状体征(﹣)
临床心衰阶段(Clinical heart failure)
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