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• hydrogens using 1H-NMR spectroscopy • carbons using 13C-NMR spectroscopy • phosphorus using 31P-NMR spectroscopy
13-9
Nuclear Spin States
Spin
quantum numbers and allowed nuclear spin states for selected isotopes of elements common to organic compounds
13-5
IR Spectroscopy radiation is measured in cm-1 This is actually a frequency. Remember that frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional.
IR
13-2
Hertz
Electromagnetic Radiation
Wavelength
13-3
Molecular Spectroscopy
We
study three types of molecular spectroscopy
Abs orpti on of Ele ctromagn e tic Radiation Re s u lts i n Tran s ition B etwe e n n u cle ar spi n e n e rgy l e ve l s vibrati on al e n e rgy l e ve l s e le ctron ic e n e rgy le vel s
Wavelength
Frequency
(n): the number of full cycles of a wave that pass a point in a second (Hz): the unit in which radiation frequency is reported; s-1 (read “per second”)
1 Ele me n t H n u cle ar spi n qu antu m 1/2 n u mbe r ( I) 2
H
12
C
13
C
14
N
16
O 0
31
P
32
S
1
0
1/2
1
1/2
0
n u mbe r of s pi n s tate s
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
13-10
Nuclear Spins iBiblioteka Baidu B0
13-6
NMR Spectroscopy
NMR
uses radiowaves, measured in MHz
13-7
Nuclear Spin States
Any
atomic nucleus that has an odd mass, an odd atomic number, or both has a spin and a resulting nuclear magnetic moment. The allowed nuclear spin states are determined by the spin quantum number, I , of the nucleus. A nucleus with spin quantum number I has 2I + 1spin states. If I = 1/2, there are two allowed spin states
Nuclear Magne tic Resonance
Chapter 13
13-1
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic
radiation: light and other forms of radiant energy = c & E = h (): the distance between consecutive identical points on a wave
Re gion of th e Ele ctromagn eti c S pe ctru m radi o fre qu e ncy i nfrare d u ltravi ol e t-vis ibl e
13-4
A pictorial view of UV/Vis
UV/Vis radiation is measured in nm (wavelength)
Within
a collection of 1H and 13C atoms, nuclear spins are completely random in orientation
When
placed in a strong external magnetic field of strength B0, however, interaction between nuclear spins and the applied magnetic field are quartered, with the result that only certain orientations of nuclear magnetic moments are allowed
13-8
Molecular Spectroscopy
Nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: a spectroscopic technique that gives us information about the number and types of atoms in a molecule, for example, about the number and types of
13-11
Nuclear Spins in B0
For 1H
and 13C, only two orientations are allowed. h igh e r
e n e rgy s tate
13-9
Nuclear Spin States
Spin
quantum numbers and allowed nuclear spin states for selected isotopes of elements common to organic compounds
13-5
IR Spectroscopy radiation is measured in cm-1 This is actually a frequency. Remember that frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional.
IR
13-2
Hertz
Electromagnetic Radiation
Wavelength
13-3
Molecular Spectroscopy
We
study three types of molecular spectroscopy
Abs orpti on of Ele ctromagn e tic Radiation Re s u lts i n Tran s ition B etwe e n n u cle ar spi n e n e rgy l e ve l s vibrati on al e n e rgy l e ve l s e le ctron ic e n e rgy le vel s
Wavelength
Frequency
(n): the number of full cycles of a wave that pass a point in a second (Hz): the unit in which radiation frequency is reported; s-1 (read “per second”)
1 Ele me n t H n u cle ar spi n qu antu m 1/2 n u mbe r ( I) 2
H
12
C
13
C
14
N
16
O 0
31
P
32
S
1
0
1/2
1
1/2
0
n u mbe r of s pi n s tate s
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
13-10
Nuclear Spins iBiblioteka Baidu B0
13-6
NMR Spectroscopy
NMR
uses radiowaves, measured in MHz
13-7
Nuclear Spin States
Any
atomic nucleus that has an odd mass, an odd atomic number, or both has a spin and a resulting nuclear magnetic moment. The allowed nuclear spin states are determined by the spin quantum number, I , of the nucleus. A nucleus with spin quantum number I has 2I + 1spin states. If I = 1/2, there are two allowed spin states
Nuclear Magne tic Resonance
Chapter 13
13-1
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic
radiation: light and other forms of radiant energy = c & E = h (): the distance between consecutive identical points on a wave
Re gion of th e Ele ctromagn eti c S pe ctru m radi o fre qu e ncy i nfrare d u ltravi ol e t-vis ibl e
13-4
A pictorial view of UV/Vis
UV/Vis radiation is measured in nm (wavelength)
Within
a collection of 1H and 13C atoms, nuclear spins are completely random in orientation
When
placed in a strong external magnetic field of strength B0, however, interaction between nuclear spins and the applied magnetic field are quartered, with the result that only certain orientations of nuclear magnetic moments are allowed
13-8
Molecular Spectroscopy
Nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: a spectroscopic technique that gives us information about the number and types of atoms in a molecule, for example, about the number and types of
13-11
Nuclear Spins in B0
For 1H
and 13C, only two orientations are allowed. h igh e r
e n e rgy s tate