木材生产技术与管理

一条躯干：森林作业科学与技术；两条腿:1、林业装备2、林区道路。

1、What is Forest Engineering?

A branch of engineering concerned with the solution of forestry problems with regard to long-range environmental and economic effects. (Sci-Tech Dictionary. )

2、我国森林资源的特点：

Rich in tree species and broad area suitable for forests 宜林地区广，树种多2、Low forest coverage and low stand stocking 森林覆盖率低3. Uneven distribution森林资源地区分布不均：Northeast –largest natural forest area Southwest –2nd largest natural forest area Southeast –mainly plantations and secondary forests

四大林区1、东北林区2、北方林区3、东南林区4、西南林区

3、第八次全国森林资源清查（2009-2013年）(The Eighth National Forest Resources Inventory)结果显示，中国森林面积达到 1.95亿ha---2.08亿ha森林覆盖率20.36%---21.6% 世

界第五4、Five

forest types公益林（保

护林、特殊用材林）商业

林（用材林，经济林，薪

炭林）

5、China’s forestry goals：By the year of 2020, forest coverage will increase to over 23 percent；2050, 26

6、Forest Sustainable Development：It refers to keeping the long-term productive capacity and regeneration capacity of forests and maintaining forest ecosystems and the biodiversity in the absence of unacceptable damages.森林可持续发展是指在没有不可接受的损害的情况下长期保持森林生产能力和再生能力以及保持森林生态系统

的物种和生态多样性。

Forestry Sustainable Development：It

refers to the sustainable development of

productivity, species, genetic diversity,

and renewable capacity of the forest

ecosystem.

7、Timber production technology

木材生产工艺：Choose production line,

select appropriate equipment/technology,

coordinate working procedures,

and accomplish production task with

less investment, high efficiency, short working cycle, and low cost.选择流水作业线,选用设备/技术,协调工序间配合/衔接,完成生产加工任务投资少效率高周期短成本低

8、木材生产作业特性1。资源开发性:Resource exploration 2。场地分散，可转移性－Scattered sites, Maneuverability 3。自然条件约束性Natural constraints 4。社会经济与环境生态的双重属性Double attributes of social economic and environment

9、木材生产产品形态（四大产品类型）

Felled tree, long log, short log, chip伐倒木，原条，原木，削片

10、木材生产主要完成哪几个动作？采集归装运（采集在山上伐区，归装运在山上棱场）卸造选归装（山下贮木场）

采伐，集材，归楞，装车，运材—用户卸车打枝造材选材归装—用户

11、倒伐木生产过程：The harvesting planning is an unique in that

The key concept in planning a timber harvest is to gather information and use it.

A harvest plan is a set of environmental standards, rules and regulations

12、The primary objective of logging planning:1、is economy of operation,2、to develop comprehensive strategic and operational planning mechanisms that ensure that forest values will be protected during harvesting,3、to ensure responsible use of land and forest resources for the maximum benefit of all stakeholders,4、to develop plans that take account of the socio-economic and environmental impacts on the area,5、to provide efficient and environmentally responsible means of harvesting timber.

13、There are two stages of harvest planning:1、preliminary pre-harvest planning

2、comprehensive harvest planning.

14、Preliminary planning is a fairly simple plan and prepared：

by a forestry consultant ，for a forest landowner prior to conducting a timber sale.

15、Pre-harvest planning is the gathering and analysis of：maps, photographs, a forest inventory, other documents, several visits to the future harvest site.

16、预规划核心1、Mark boundaries 2、soil(well-drained poorly-drained)

3、Mark existing forest roads

4、Lay out(landing roads skid trails storage)

5、Marking critical areas

6、stream crossing

7、SMS河流缓冲带

17、重点Tools for planning a timber harvest: 1、GPS, caliper, hypsometer,

Measuring tape, computer etc. 2、Forest Management Plan and Stumpage Price

3. Topographic Map

4.Aerial Photos and Local Soil Survey

18、Log decks（原木楞台）:1.should generally be kept as small as feasible, and 2.should be well “daylighted”to facilitate drying out after a shower. 3.an ideally located log deck will be on a slightly sloped area with stable soils that do not easily rut.

19、Locate and mark logging road entrance points from public roads.

Generally, the law requires that a truck driver pulling onto the highway from a temporary logging road be able to see clearly in either direction for a minimum of 60 meters. 定位和标记的伐木道路入口点从公共道路。一般来说，法律要求卡车司机拉到公路从一个临时的伐木道路可以清楚地看到，在任何一个方向至少60米。入口点应位于排水良好的土壤，稳定。

20、Locate any other logging road “control”points：These are points or locations that logging road must either connect or avoid. 1.Entrance points and stream crossing are“positive”control points, and 2.Rock outcrops or gumbo clay flats are“negative”control points.

21、Locate and flag the logging road gradeline (in the mountains) or centerline (in flat areas）Ideally, the grade should be kept at:•10% or less for haul roads•15% or less for skid roads

理想情况下，等级应保持在：•10%或更低的运输道路•15%或更少的防滑路面

22、Specify stream crossing structures, if applicable.

重点The common choices from least to most expensive are :

• A ford, •A culvert,• A “low water”bridge, and •An elevated timber bridge.

23、重点The best choice depends on：

•cost, •stream characteristics,•the amount of use,•load bearing requirements, etc.

24、Planning Forest Access System：A typical 40-ha tract will require about 8 kilometers of road to skid logs. This includes：About 1 km of haul road and 7 km of skid roads.一个典型的40公顷道将需要约8公里道路打滑的日志。这包括约1公里的运输道路和防滑路面7公里。