合作原则中英文

合作原则(cooperative principle)是美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H.P.Grice)于1967年在哈佛大学演讲《逻辑与会话》(Logic and Conversation)时率先提出的理论，它是“会话含义”的推导依据，是语用学的核心内容。

格赖斯认为，为了保证交际的顺利进行，人们总是有意或无意地遵守着一条基本原则，即“在参与交谈时，根据你参与交谈的目的或方向的改变而提供适切的话语”[1](P101)，这便是合作原则(cooperative principle)。

在这条原则的统领下，格赖斯又建立了四条准则，准则又下分几条次原则：
第一，量原则(Maxim of quantity)
(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。

(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。

第二，质原则(Maxim of Quality)
(1)不要说自知虚假的话。

(2)不要说证据不足的话。

第三，关系原则(Maxim of Relation)：要有关联，要切合题旨。

第四，方式原则(Maxim of Manner)：要明白清楚。

(1)避免晦涩。

(2)避免歧义。

(3)简明扼要井井有条。

对于格赖斯的合作原则，周礼全先生认为，首先，格赖斯合作原则对“美学的、社会的或者是道德的”内容阐述不够科学清晰。

其次，格赖斯的合作原则及其准则只重视直陈话语而忽略了考虑命令话语和疑问话语的情况。

鉴于上述的看法，周先生对合作原则做出了新的诠释：(I)真诚准则（相当于质准则）
(I.1)在一个交际语境C中，说话者S对听话者H说出了一句直陈话语“U(├A)”时，S必须相信命题态度“├A”所断定的事态是存在的，这就是说，S必须相信命题A所表达的事态是存在的或命题A是真的。

(I.2)在一个交际语境C中，说话者S对听话者H说出了一句命令话语“U(!A)”时，S必须相信命题态度！A所要求的行动是H能够完成的或是能实现的。

(I.3)在一个交际语境C中，说话者S对听话者H说出了一句疑问话语“U(?A)”时，S必须相信命题态度？A所提出的问题是H能回答的。

(II)充分准则（相当于量准则）
(II.1)在一个交际语境C中，说话者S对听话者H说出了一句直陈话语“U(├A)”时，S必须相信命题态度├A所断定的事态是S所能提供的最大量事态。

(II.2)在一个交际语境C中，说话者S对听话者H说出了一句命令话语“U(!A)”时，命题态度!A所要求的行动必须是S要求H做出的最大程度的行动。

(II.3)在一个交际语境C中，说话者S对听话者H说出了一句疑问话语“U(?A)”时，命题态度?A所要求的回答必须是S要求H做出的最大程度的回答。

(III)相关准则（相当于关系准则）
在一个交际语境C中，说话者说出的话语必须是有助于实现谈话目的的，这也就是说，说话者说出的话语必须是和谈话目的相关的。

(IV)表达准则（相当于方式准则）
(IV.1)在一个交际语境C中，说话者说出的话语必须是不含混的。

(IV.2)在一个交际语境C中，说话者说出的话语必须是无歧义的。

(IV.3)在一个交际语境C中，说话者说出的话语必须是不冗长的。

(IV.4)在一个交际语境C中，说话者说出的话语必须是有秩序的。

(V)态度准则
一个交际语境C中，说话者说出的话语必须是有礼貌的。

In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how people interact with one another. As phrased by Paul Grice, who introduced it, it states, "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." Though phrased as a prescriptive command, the principle is intended as a description of how people normally behave in conversation.
Put more simply, people who obey the cooperative principle in their language use will make sure that what they say in a conversation furthers the purpose of that conversation. Obviously, the requirements of different types of conversations will be different.
The cooperative principle can be divided into four maxims, called the Gricean maxims, describing specific rational principles observed by people who obey the cooperative principle; these principles enable effective communication.
The cooperative principle goes both ways: speakers (generally) observe the cooperative principle, and listeners (generally) assume that speakers are observing it. This allows for the possibility of implicatures, which are meanings that are not explicitly conveyed in what is said, but that can nonetheless be inferred. For example, if Alice points out that Bill is not present, and Carol replies that Bill has a cold, then there is an implicature that the cold is the reason, or at least a possible reason, for Bill's absence; this is because Carol's comment is not cooperative — does not contribute to the conversation — unless her point is that Bill's cold is or might be the reason for his absence. (This is covered specifically by the Maxim of Relation; see Gricean maxims).。