第二讲翻译中的形合与意合 汉英翻译 教学课件
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So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.
1）江山易改，本性难移(隐含对比） It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a
person’s nature. 聪明一世，糊涂一时 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 2)良药苦口,忠言腻耳.(隐含类比） Faithful words offend the ears just as good medicine tastes bitter.
形合与意合：英汉互译的基础
包饺子
美国人制订修改法律和中国人包饺子一样
就像中国人包顿饺子那样，馅用什么料， 咸了淡了，面和软了硬了，每每免不了要 一番吵吵嚷嚷
Make dumplings
The US-styled legislation(立法） and law review(修改法律）is very much comparable to making dumplings in China.
We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergence—a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst—though not all-of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.
factories for sixteen hours a day.
他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就 获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子 到工厂干活，每天16个小时，受尽鞭打责 骂。
A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
没有外力作用，运动物体就连续作匀速直 线运动．
It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in 百度文库he peacetime fall.
However, too many of the world’s leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler’s threat: “They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent.”
我于冬日前去参观，但见衰柳寒烟，一水茫 茫而已。(沈复“浮生六记”）
“衰柳寒烟”，“一水茫茫”
译文1：I went there in winter, and could see nothing but unanimated trees and smokes. There is only a range of poor water.
译文2： I went there on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willows trees and a frosty sky.
译文3：While in winter, nothing was enjoyable but the lovely willows and quiet water.
习题: 将下列句子译成英语: 抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解. 物极必反 玩火自焚 念死书念出来的学问是没有多大用处的 学是学了,没有结果;做了做了,没有成功
抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解. Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. 物极必反
Eat with chopsticks if you can’t (do it well) with a fork. (用叉子吃不好就用筷子吃吧)
The food served in the canteen doesn’t taste good. (在 食堂吃的饭菜味道不好)
英语上述各句中的“吃”都隐含有逻辑主语（即施事者） “人”，而原文句中的主语功能都变成了施事的方式或场 所。
习题：
也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一 群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬 起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧 时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄 河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇 息。只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。 这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的。如果走近 了，你会发现它们洁白的牙齿，以及丰富而单纯 的表情。
今天食堂吃饺子。 叉子吃不好吃筷子吧。 吃食堂味道不好。
这些说法在汉语里都可以成立。但细想一下，就会发现问 题：到底 “谁” 吃“谁”？！这种紊乱的施事（Agent） 与受事（Object）关系在英语中简直是离经叛道，却在汉 语里显得那么自然。英语则必须说：
Jiaozi are served in the canteen today. (今天食堂有饺子 吃)
王力:
“西洋语的结构好象连环,虽则环与环都联 络起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹,中国语的结构好 象无缝天衣,只是一块一块的硬凑,凑起来还 不让它有痕迹.所以西洋的语法是硬的,没有 弹性的;中文的语法是软的,富有弹性的.”
英语注重形合，注重结构﹑形式，常常借 助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨 （preciseness);汉语注重意合，注重功能﹑ 意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比 较简洁（conciseness)
平行文本：
Thomas Gray “An Elegy on English Churchya rd”
墓畔挽歌
卞之琳
那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好 的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平 时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日 的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。
英汉语形合意合的区分对翻译的意义： 1）汉语轻时态，英语重时态 2）汉语是动作性语言，英语是静态性语言 3）汉语是流散性语言，英语是聚集性语言
1）汉语轻时态，英语重时态 增词法，减词法 2）汉语是动作性语言，英语是静态性语言 词性转换法 3）汉语是流散性语言，英语是聚集性语言 长句翻译，篇章翻译的组织与安排
Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposition is inevitable. 玩火自焚
Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.
念死书念出来的学问是没有多大用处的
Learning by rote will be unprofitable. 学是学了,没有结果;做了做了,没有成功 I have made proposals, but in vain; I have made attempts but without success.
It is just as likely contain the same types of familiar and bitter arguments such as whether certain ingredients are to be used in the filler, or whether filling itself tastes too bland or salty, or whether the dough is to dry or too soft to use.
马致远 秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马， 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。
He boasts(吹嘘） that a slave is free the
moment his feet touch British soil and he
sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash（鞭笞） in the
3)有饭大家吃（隐含条件） Let everybody share the food if there is any. 4)他老是见异思迁（隐含时间） He is always changing his mind as soon as he sees something
new. 5)早知今日，何必当初？（隐含假设） If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.
1）江山易改，本性难移(隐含对比） It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a
person’s nature. 聪明一世，糊涂一时 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 2)良药苦口,忠言腻耳.(隐含类比） Faithful words offend the ears just as good medicine tastes bitter.
形合与意合：英汉互译的基础
包饺子
美国人制订修改法律和中国人包饺子一样
就像中国人包顿饺子那样，馅用什么料， 咸了淡了，面和软了硬了，每每免不了要 一番吵吵嚷嚷
Make dumplings
The US-styled legislation(立法） and law review(修改法律）is very much comparable to making dumplings in China.
We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergence—a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst—though not all-of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.
factories for sixteen hours a day.
他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就 获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子 到工厂干活，每天16个小时，受尽鞭打责 骂。
A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
没有外力作用，运动物体就连续作匀速直 线运动．
It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in 百度文库he peacetime fall.
However, too many of the world’s leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler’s threat: “They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent.”
我于冬日前去参观，但见衰柳寒烟，一水茫 茫而已。(沈复“浮生六记”）
“衰柳寒烟”，“一水茫茫”
译文1：I went there in winter, and could see nothing but unanimated trees and smokes. There is only a range of poor water.
译文2： I went there on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willows trees and a frosty sky.
译文3：While in winter, nothing was enjoyable but the lovely willows and quiet water.
习题: 将下列句子译成英语: 抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解. 物极必反 玩火自焚 念死书念出来的学问是没有多大用处的 学是学了,没有结果;做了做了,没有成功
抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解. Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. 物极必反
Eat with chopsticks if you can’t (do it well) with a fork. (用叉子吃不好就用筷子吃吧)
The food served in the canteen doesn’t taste good. (在 食堂吃的饭菜味道不好)
英语上述各句中的“吃”都隐含有逻辑主语（即施事者） “人”，而原文句中的主语功能都变成了施事的方式或场 所。
习题：
也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一 群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬 起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧 时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄 河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇 息。只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。 这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的。如果走近 了，你会发现它们洁白的牙齿，以及丰富而单纯 的表情。
今天食堂吃饺子。 叉子吃不好吃筷子吧。 吃食堂味道不好。
这些说法在汉语里都可以成立。但细想一下，就会发现问 题：到底 “谁” 吃“谁”？！这种紊乱的施事（Agent） 与受事（Object）关系在英语中简直是离经叛道，却在汉 语里显得那么自然。英语则必须说：
Jiaozi are served in the canteen today. (今天食堂有饺子 吃)
王力:
“西洋语的结构好象连环,虽则环与环都联 络起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹,中国语的结构好 象无缝天衣,只是一块一块的硬凑,凑起来还 不让它有痕迹.所以西洋的语法是硬的,没有 弹性的;中文的语法是软的,富有弹性的.”
英语注重形合，注重结构﹑形式，常常借 助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨 （preciseness);汉语注重意合，注重功能﹑ 意义，常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比 较简洁（conciseness)
平行文本：
Thomas Gray “An Elegy on English Churchya rd”
墓畔挽歌
卞之琳
那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好 的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平 时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日 的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。
英汉语形合意合的区分对翻译的意义： 1）汉语轻时态，英语重时态 2）汉语是动作性语言，英语是静态性语言 3）汉语是流散性语言，英语是聚集性语言
1）汉语轻时态，英语重时态 增词法，减词法 2）汉语是动作性语言，英语是静态性语言 词性转换法 3）汉语是流散性语言，英语是聚集性语言 长句翻译，篇章翻译的组织与安排
Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposition is inevitable. 玩火自焚
Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.
念死书念出来的学问是没有多大用处的
Learning by rote will be unprofitable. 学是学了,没有结果;做了做了,没有成功 I have made proposals, but in vain; I have made attempts but without success.
It is just as likely contain the same types of familiar and bitter arguments such as whether certain ingredients are to be used in the filler, or whether filling itself tastes too bland or salty, or whether the dough is to dry or too soft to use.
马致远 秋思 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马， 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。
He boasts(吹嘘） that a slave is free the
moment his feet touch British soil and he
sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash（鞭笞） in the
3)有饭大家吃（隐含条件） Let everybody share the food if there is any. 4)他老是见异思迁（隐含时间） He is always changing his mind as soon as he sees something
new. 5)早知今日，何必当初？（隐含假设） If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.