英汉翻译之形合与意合
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形合与意合 ( hypotaxis & parataxis)
制作者：xxx
形合 ( Hypotaxis)
• Hypotaxis and parataxis are the
performance of the language law. The socalled hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases, with the help of language forms (including vocabulary and forms); 意合和形合是语言表现法。所谓“形 合”( hypotaxis)是指借助语言形式手段（包 括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连 接；
•
英汉语言差异及翻译
• 一般说来，英汉两种语言主要区别在于形合和
意合。英语由于有众多的连接方式，句法结构 上可以叠床架屋，盘根错节，句式显得非常复 杂，冗长但却有非常严格、完整。英语句式在 逻辑次序安排、语义重心布置上都比较自由、 灵活，形态上向一串丰满的葡萄。 汉语一般不习惯太长的句式，行文多用竹竿一 般的短句，语义信息按照一定的规律编成竹竿， 再沿竹竿向前流去。这就决定了汉语的行文安 排不如英语那样自由灵活。
语法上是主句和定语从句关系，相当于“介词 +which”。 This is the reason why he is leaving so soon
Coordinator （并列连接词）
• and, or, but, both … and …, either …or …,
neither … nor …, not only … but also …, so that, as well as, rather than, etc.
Relative Pronoun (who, whom, which, that, what) （关系代词）
语法上是主句与定语从句关系。 This
is what he told us at the meeting.
Relative Adverb (when, where, why, how) （关系副词）
Subordinator（从属连接词）
• when/ as/ while/ every time/ as soon as/ • •
directly/ / no sooner…… Where/ wherever/ where……there……哪里……哪 里就…… Because of/ as a result of/ for the reason that/ for fear that/ seeing that/ considering/ given that/ as a result/ with the result that/ for this reason/ hence/ so that…
The End
Thank you!
•
意和 (Parataxis)
• the so-called parataxis refers to the realization of
the connection of them without the help of the language form but the logical meaning of the words or phrases. The former one focus on the language cohesion in form, the latter focus on the significance of the continuous coherence.
• •
Examples Analysis
• 中国拥有广大的市场和发展需求，日本拥有先进的科
学技术和巨大的物质力量，两国之间有着很强的经济 互补性。 China holds a huge market and great demand for development and Japan holds advanced science and technology as well as enormous material force. The economies of the two countries are therefore highly complementary with each other. China boasts a huge and great demand for development, while Japan owns advanced science and technology as well as enormous material strength, which have together contributed to the strong economic complementarity between the two countries.
2、英译汉。汉语以意合为特征,衔接手段通常是隐性的,而不是 显形的。因此在英译汉时,通常省略连接词,使译文符合汉语的特 征。这并不会给读者在理解上造成困难,对译文的理解是由译文 中的语境以及读者自己梳理语篇内部关系的能力决定的。例如: Despite the privation, and the mounting toll of dead and wounded, however, morale intact, and people still smile in the street.尽管供应不足,伤亡增加,然而士气并未受到影响。 街上人们照常面带笑容。
• 所谓“意合”(parataxis)是指不借助语言形式手段而
借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间 的连接。前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesionHale Waihona Puke Baidu，后 者注重意义上的连贯(coherence)。
Examples
• • • • • •
早知如此，我就不来了。 If I had known it, I would not have come here. 工作非常不易，我们很感激他。 Because the work was so hard, we were very grateful to him. 天气很好，我们决定举行露天招待会。 As the weather was fine, we decided to hold the reception in the open air. 坚持变革创新，理想就会变为现实。 If we persist in our reform, we will be able to turn our ideals into reality.
•
•
Key Difference – use of connectives
• Connectives (联系用语) • Relative pronoun （关系代词） • Relative adverb（关系副词） • Coordinator（并列连接词） • Subordinator （从属连接词）
•
对翻译的启示
1、汉译英。一般认为,汉译英时,应该首先梳理出原文中最重要 的信息,将其装入目的语主句,而将源文中的次要信息装入目的语 的从句,并添加形式标记或连接词。显然,这是一个从意合到形合 的过程。这样有助于实现英语高度的形式化和严密的逻辑性。例 如:约翰在机场等我,我得去接他,我不去,他会生气。John is waiting for me at the airport, so I must go to meet him. If I don't, he will get angry.
制作者：xxx
形合 ( Hypotaxis)
• Hypotaxis and parataxis are the
performance of the language law. The socalled hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases, with the help of language forms (including vocabulary and forms); 意合和形合是语言表现法。所谓“形 合”( hypotaxis)是指借助语言形式手段（包 括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连 接；
•
英汉语言差异及翻译
• 一般说来，英汉两种语言主要区别在于形合和
意合。英语由于有众多的连接方式，句法结构 上可以叠床架屋，盘根错节，句式显得非常复 杂，冗长但却有非常严格、完整。英语句式在 逻辑次序安排、语义重心布置上都比较自由、 灵活，形态上向一串丰满的葡萄。 汉语一般不习惯太长的句式，行文多用竹竿一 般的短句，语义信息按照一定的规律编成竹竿， 再沿竹竿向前流去。这就决定了汉语的行文安 排不如英语那样自由灵活。
语法上是主句和定语从句关系，相当于“介词 +which”。 This is the reason why he is leaving so soon
Coordinator （并列连接词）
• and, or, but, both … and …, either …or …,
neither … nor …, not only … but also …, so that, as well as, rather than, etc.
Relative Pronoun (who, whom, which, that, what) （关系代词）
语法上是主句与定语从句关系。 This
is what he told us at the meeting.
Relative Adverb (when, where, why, how) （关系副词）
Subordinator（从属连接词）
• when/ as/ while/ every time/ as soon as/ • •
directly/ / no sooner…… Where/ wherever/ where……there……哪里……哪 里就…… Because of/ as a result of/ for the reason that/ for fear that/ seeing that/ considering/ given that/ as a result/ with the result that/ for this reason/ hence/ so that…
The End
Thank you!
•
意和 (Parataxis)
• the so-called parataxis refers to the realization of
the connection of them without the help of the language form but the logical meaning of the words or phrases. The former one focus on the language cohesion in form, the latter focus on the significance of the continuous coherence.
• •
Examples Analysis
• 中国拥有广大的市场和发展需求，日本拥有先进的科
学技术和巨大的物质力量，两国之间有着很强的经济 互补性。 China holds a huge market and great demand for development and Japan holds advanced science and technology as well as enormous material force. The economies of the two countries are therefore highly complementary with each other. China boasts a huge and great demand for development, while Japan owns advanced science and technology as well as enormous material strength, which have together contributed to the strong economic complementarity between the two countries.
2、英译汉。汉语以意合为特征,衔接手段通常是隐性的,而不是 显形的。因此在英译汉时,通常省略连接词,使译文符合汉语的特 征。这并不会给读者在理解上造成困难,对译文的理解是由译文 中的语境以及读者自己梳理语篇内部关系的能力决定的。例如: Despite the privation, and the mounting toll of dead and wounded, however, morale intact, and people still smile in the street.尽管供应不足,伤亡增加,然而士气并未受到影响。 街上人们照常面带笑容。
• 所谓“意合”(parataxis)是指不借助语言形式手段而
借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间 的连接。前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesionHale Waihona Puke Baidu，后 者注重意义上的连贯(coherence)。
Examples
• • • • • •
早知如此，我就不来了。 If I had known it, I would not have come here. 工作非常不易，我们很感激他。 Because the work was so hard, we were very grateful to him. 天气很好，我们决定举行露天招待会。 As the weather was fine, we decided to hold the reception in the open air. 坚持变革创新，理想就会变为现实。 If we persist in our reform, we will be able to turn our ideals into reality.
•
•
Key Difference – use of connectives
• Connectives (联系用语) • Relative pronoun （关系代词） • Relative adverb（关系副词） • Coordinator（并列连接词） • Subordinator （从属连接词）
•
对翻译的启示
1、汉译英。一般认为,汉译英时,应该首先梳理出原文中最重要 的信息,将其装入目的语主句,而将源文中的次要信息装入目的语 的从句,并添加形式标记或连接词。显然,这是一个从意合到形合 的过程。这样有助于实现英语高度的形式化和严密的逻辑性。例 如:约翰在机场等我,我得去接他,我不去,他会生气。John is waiting for me at the airport, so I must go to meet him. If I don't, he will get angry.