康德认识论

康德的认识论（Kantian epistemology）所要解决的主要是数学命题和自然科学基本原理的形成和根据问题。

康德承认知识的内容或材料来自感觉，感觉是对象刺激了人的感官以后产生的观念。知识是从感觉开始，从经验开始的康德认为，认识的对象只是现象，本体属于人永远不能认识的范围。人的理性从本性上要求认识终极的无条件的东西。理性是处于知性之上的最高一级的综合能力，理性对经验进行最广泛的综合。理性的要求永远达不到目的，我们的认识永远是有条件的，是无止境的现象。如果理性把相对的现象绝对化，自以为已经把握了全部的真理，就必然陷于假相。

康德以自己的批判哲学为根据，对以前盲目追求绝对真理的“形而上学”体系作了系统的批判。他认为过去的形而上学陷入以下三种假相：把心灵当作精神实体，断言心灵不朽；把世界当作给定的整体，作出种种不同的臆断；把上帝当作绝对的实在，肯定它必然存在。

康德指出把心灵当作精神实体是错误的推论，因为这是把作为一切认识的先天条件的自我当作对象,而这个先验的自我只是认识的主体,永远不可能成为认识对象；康德对三种不同的关于上帝存在的论证，即本体论的论证、宇宙论的论证、目的论的论证作了前所未有的系统批判。

康德认识论的特点在于他提出了从时空感性直观到纯粹知性概念（范畴）的认识形式。他认为人类先天地具有这一套认识形式，才能把感觉材料组成知识。如果没有这套主体的认识形式，我们就不可能得到普遍必然的科学知识，也就是说不可能认识客观世界。这个看来似乎是荒谬的先验论，实际上比旧唯物论从哲学上说要深刻，从科学上说要正确。近代科学已经证明，认识并不象旧唯物论所理解那样，是一种从感觉、知觉到概念的循序渐进的单线简单过程。不是那种被动的、静止的、镜子式的反映。

Kant's Epistemology (Kantian epistemology) is mainly used to solve the mathematical proposition and the formation of natural science basic theory and according to the problems.

Kant admitted that the content of the knowledge or materials from the feeling, feeling is generated after the object stimulate people's senses of ideas. Knowledge is starting from feelings, that Kant began to understand from experience, the object is only a phenomenon, belongs to the scope of the body of people can never know. A rational person by nature requires understanding without condition. The ultimate. Rationality is at the highest level of understanding on the comprehensive ability of comprehensive, rational experience most widely. The demands of reason never achieve their goal, our knowledge is always conditional, is endless phenomenon. If the reason the phenomenon of relative absolute, since that had mastered the whole truth, it will inevitably caught in illusion.

Kant made his critical philosophy as the basis, to the previously blind pursuit of absolute truth "metaphysics" system makes a systematic critique. He thought it

over and metaphysics into the following three false: the mind as a spiritual entity, asserted that the soul immortal; the whole world when given, make all sorts of different assumptions; put God as the absolute reality, certainly it must exist.

Kant pointed out that the mind as a spiritual entity is incorrect inferences, because this is the congenital condition as all know self as object, and the transcendental ego is the subject of cognition, can never become the object of cognition; Kant on three different argument of the existence of God, that is, the ontological argument, cosmology argumentation, teleological argument made systematic critique hitherto unknown.

Kant's epistemology is characterized in that he put forward from the spatial and temporal perceptual intuition to the purely intellectual concept (category) form of knowledge. He argued that human congenital with this set of knowledge, to feel the material composition of knowledge. If does not have this set of body form of knowledge, we can not be universal and necessary scientific knowledge, that is impossible to know the objective world. This seems absurd apriorism, in fact than the old materialism from philosophy says to profound, from science to ". Modern science has already proved, understanding does not seem to understand that the old materialism, is a kind of feeling, perceived from the concept of single simple process step by step. Reflecting mirror type not the passive, static,.