段落扩展方式 练习

指出下面段落展开的方式及关联词：

Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen. There are two reasons for this phenomenon. To begin with, they can meet the needs of manufactures. With the development of market economy, manufactures have to be more and more competitive, and advertising is one of the best ways to strengthen their competitive capacity. What's more, advertisements are also necessary to consumers. Advertisements can help the consumers keep informed about different products and offer them different alternatives when they just stay at home.

1. 展开的方式：递进顺序

2. 指出关联词: To begin with. What's more,

At present, fake products are very common in our markets. The most obvious reason is that some dishonest manufactures want to make easy money, and selling fake products is their first choice. In addition, the government hasn't passed strict laws to punish these dishonest manufacturers. As a result, fake products are very popular in the market.

1. 展开的方式：因果

2. 指出关联词: In addition, As a result

The entry into WTO has brought China many opportunities. For example, it will introduce into China more advanced technology, which is bound to stimulate the development our country. However, each coin has

its two sides. After China became a member of WTO, it has also faced many challenges. A case in point is that some heavy industries are facing bankruptcy because of the pressure from the foreign rivals.

1. 展开的方式：举例

2. 指出关联词: For example

Paragraph and Essay

Despite their obvious differences in length, the paragraph and the essay are quite similar structurally. For example, the paragraph is introduced by either a topic sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay the first paragraph provides introductory material and establishes the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph. Finally, a terminator-whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation-ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a device which brings its ideas to a logically and psychologically satisfying completion: the concluding paragraph. Although exceptions to these generalizations may be observed in modern creative writing, most well written expository paragraphs and essays are comparable in structure.

1. 展开的方式：对比

2. 指出关联词: Similarly, Finally

There is an essential difference between a new story, as understood

by a newspaperman or a wire-service writer, and the newsmagazine story. The chief purpose of the conventional news story is to tell what happened. It starts with the most important information and continues into increasingly inconsequential details, not only because the reader may not read beyond the first paragraph but because an editor working on galley proofs a few minutes before press time likes to be able to cut feely from the end of the story. A newsmagazine is very different. It is written to be read consecutively from beginning to end, and each of its stories is designed, following the critical theories of Edgar Allen Poe, to create one emotional effect. The news, what happened that week, may be told in the beginning, the middle, or the end ; for the purpose is not to throw information at the reader but to reduce him into reading the whole story, and into accepting the dramatic(and often political)point being made.

1. 展开的方式：对比

2. 指出关联词: difference between and

Railways and Automobile Roads

Some people say that railways are more important than automobile roads. But in my opinion, automobile roads and railways complement each other. Railways do not touch small places, while automobile roads can be constructed to reach every place, even villages situated in remote corners of the country. Railways are constructed only for the trains, but

roads will prove equally useful for bicycles, carriages and other kinds of vehicles. The cost of building automobile roads is also such lower than that of building railways.

1. 展开的方式：对比

2. 指出关联词: than ,while

We had a hard time getting Peter out of the well he had fallen into. First we fashioned a rope by linking our belts together. Then we lowered it to Peter, telling him to grasp the end. First he had hold of the belt-rope, we began to pull him slowly, inch by inch, out of the well. During his ascent, no one dared speak a word. Finally we could grasp his arms, and with a shout of relief, we pulled him out onto the grassy band.

1. 展开的方式：递进

2. 指出关联词: First, First, Finally

D own the middle of the valley runs a clear, fast stream in which one may fish. In the low land along the stream are the farmlands; Finally them are the pastures. Behind the tops of the first hills are the big mountains. At the very top in the pure, brown rock of EI Ermitano Mountain, this shows snow until the middle of summer. Flowers cover the pasturelands in season.

1. 空间

2. 指出关联词: Behind At the very top,

What is honesty? Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. Honesty is a good virtue. He who lies cheats is dishonest. Those who gain fortunes, not by hard labor, but by other means are dishonest.

1. 指出是因或果？因

2. 指出有多少因或果？两对

It was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant. Cap had gone away, my apron was stained, my feet ached. The loaded trays I carried felt heavier. Weary and discouraged, I didn't seem able to do anything right, As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order

a dozen times, I was ready to quit.

1. 指出是因或果？果

2. 指出有多少因或果？四个

Health is a condition of wisdom, and a sign of cheerfulness. If a man is in poor health, he will have many troubles and suffer a great deal. He has to spend much time and money to go to a hospital for examinations and treatment. In addition, his relatives and friends have to take care of him, In this sense, poor health brings trouble to others as well as to the patient himself. As we know, happiness and success depend on achievements and progress. Good health is one of the many factors that

lead to achievement and success, and the basis of them is health.

1.展开的方式：因果

2.指出关联词：If In this sense

Love means more to those who need help. For example, in 1998, southern China witnessed an unprecedented flood. Many people became homeless, and they were in bad need of clothing and food for the coming winter. At this moment, people all over China offered their warm hands. With their love, they help the victims of the flood live through the winter.

1. 展开的方式：举例

2. 指出关联词：For example,

In many countries cigarette smoking is restricted in many ways. For example，in Britain, cigarettes are not allowed to be advertised on TV or radio; the American government requires manufacturers to print the warning that smoking is dangerous to health on every package of cigarettes; in our country a regulation is being drafted banning the sale of tobacco products to people under eighteen. There is no doubt that the world-wide anti-smoking campaigns will make more and more people be aware of the danger of smoking and become conscious fighters for cleaner air.

1. 展开的方式：举例

2. 指出关联词：For example

Examinations are of three kinds. One is the machine-scored “objective”type. In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on the best choice among a number of alternatives give. Another is the “completion” type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to a sentence. And the third type is essay examination, in which the students are asked to write a composition on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course.

1. 展开的方式：分类

2. 指出关联词：One, Another, the third type

10．综合法（combination of methods）同时在段落发展中应用以上介绍的几种不同手段即为综合法。事实上，在多数情况下，段落写作都是各种不同方法的综合应用，很少单纯采用一种方法来展开段落或文章，常见的为两三种方法混合使用。例如：

Example 1

Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways .(顺序法)You will discover that knowing synonyms, for example.(举例

法)will decrease the amount of repetition in your compositions and make them more enjoyable to read. And if a teacher enjoys reading your paper, he may even give you a better grade. Also, an increased vocabulary will make your own reading more enjoyable. You will find it is much easier to follow the ideas in your history textbook or the newspaper when you do not have to continually run to the dictionary to look up unknown word, you will become more eager to read and not as discouraged when you do come across an unknown word.(因果法)As a result, you will read faster and more intelligently, become more knowledgeable, and hence better informed about the world around you. Strange as it may seem, vocabulary study can make you a better person.

段落第一句为主题句，指出“增加词汇时可以使你在多方面受益”，接着按顺序列举“这些好处”，最后得结论，所以段落综合使用了顺序法举例法和因果法。

Example 2

Poetry is branch of literature(定义法)which explores ideas, emotions, and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called “verse” depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special effects. Poetry even more than

prose,(比较法)depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words, a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose (比较法)in obvious ways, also. Most often (举例法)the first word of every line begins with a capital letter, even in the middle of a sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhythms, and often they have a particular rhythm, like music.(比较法)

段落第一句主题句对“poetry”作出了定义，接着用对比法将“prose”,“music”作了比较，同时用举例说明“poetry”与“prose”的最大区别。所以段落的发展采用了定义法、比较法和举例法三种方法。

Example 3

During the American War of Independence,(顺序法)women were involved in the active fighting in three way.(举例法)as members of a distinct branch of the Continental Amy, referred to as “Women of the Army”, women staffed field hospitals and acted as military support in such roles as water carriers. In an emergency, women water carriers, who had plenty to opportunity to observe the firing of cannons. In an emergency, women water carriers, who had plenty of opportunity to observe the firing of cannons, could replace a wounded comrade. The second(举例法)way that women were involved in active fighting was as regular troop members who wore men's uniforms and fought side by side with their male counterparts. Theoretically（因果法）women were not

supposed to be recruited into the Continental Army, but if a woman was a good soldier, no one made an issue of sex at a time when the army was so short of soldiers that boys not yet in their teens were also being recruited in violation of rules. Third.(举例法)women were occasional fighters affiliated with local militia companies or committees of safety formed to protect the local community.

段落第一句（主题句）指出“在美国独立战争期间，妇女以三种方式参与积极的战斗”，接着按顺序列举了这三种方式，在第二种方式中解释了“为什么妇女要被征募参加大陆军”，使用了因果法。所以本段使用了三种方法；顺序法、举例法和因果法。

Example 4

Physical exercise is also important for our mind. Exercise is effective as a tranquilizer. Tests have show that a 15-minute walk can have a more tranquilizing effect than the most used tranquilizer on the market today. It has been demonstrated that the most used less from anxiety and are able to work harder. In a word, physical recreation can help toughen our competitive nature.

本段中结尾句主题句相呼应，给全段一个结论。

Example 5

English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the world's mail is written in English. More than 60 percent of the world's radio programs are in English. Cleary English is an international language.

本段中结尾也是主题句，对全段作出结论。

Lions belong to the cat family. In many ways they are like the cats we see every day. They have sharp claws hidden under soft cushion. They make no noise when they walk. They have sharp teeth with which they tear their food to pieces. They like to sleep through the day and to hunt at night. A lion will lie for hours by a spring or river, waiting for the deer to come to drink in the same way that a cat watches over a hole of the mouse till mouse comes out.