英语句法规则——句子的结构分析

Syntactic Categories (1)
Lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Adverb (Adv) Examples moisture, policy melt, remain good, intelligent to, near slowly, now
Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a. The glass suddenly broke. Det / N / Adv / V b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane. Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N c. The peaches never appear quite ripe. Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra. N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N
The main structure rules
1. S NP (Aux) VP
2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv) 4. PP P NP 5. AP A (PP)
Example (1)
The old tree swayed in the wind
Phrases




NP : Noun Phrase The car, a clever student VP : Verb Phrase study hard, play the guitar PP : Prepositional Phrase in the class, above the earth AP : Adjective Phrase very tall, quite certain
Draw the structure trees for the following sentences
Question # 5 a - f page. 240
Tree Diagram to be continued next week
Deny A. Kwary http://www.kwary.net Airlangga University
bank
Draw the tree diagram.
1. repaired the telephone
2. the success of the program
3. a film about pollution 4. move towards the window 5. cast a spell on the broomstick
Phrase Structure Rules

NP (Det) N (PP) PP P NP The bus (NP) Det N The bus in the yard NP Det N PP
The
bus
P
Det
NP
N
The
bus
in the
yard
Phrase Structure Rules
Syntactic Categories (2)
Non-lexical categories Determiner (Det) Degree word (Deg) Qualifier (Qual) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con) Examples the, this very, more always, perhaps will, can and, or
S
NP Det Adj N Aux V P Det The old tree past swayed in the VP PP NP N wind
Example (2)
The children put the toy in the box
S
NP Det N V Det VP NP N P Det The children put the toy in the PP NP N box
Syntax: The analysis of sentence structure
Deny A. Kwary http://www.kwary.net Airlangga University
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Grammatical or Ungrammatical:
1. The boy found the ball 2. The boy found quickly 3. The boy found in the house 4. The boy found the ball in the house 5. Disa slept the baby 6. Disa slept soundly Find: Transitive verb (with object) Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)

VP V (NP) (PP) S NP (Aux) VP took the money from the bank VP V N money NP PP
took the money (VP) V Det took the NP
Det
N
P
Det
NP
N
took
the money from the